托福作文開頭怎么寫
新托??荚嚕椿诨ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)的托??荚噺?005年1月23號落地大陸,獨立寫作一直都沒有要求寫標(biāo)題,所以不用擔(dān)心標(biāo)題的問題。
關(guān)于開頭,有兩個問題需要注意:
速度??荚囀堑淖魑牟煌谄綍r自由寫作,時間至關(guān)重要,而且開頭在重要性方面比起中間段落要弱不少(僅限在考試情境下哦,考試情況下時間緊迫,考生不太可能在那么短的時間里寫出驚天地泣鬼神的開頭。同時,考官也有這樣的預(yù)期,會把重心放在看主體段落上面),所以一定要快。托福獨立寫作開頭建議使用時間不超過3分鐘。
結(jié)構(gòu)。如果想快速完成開頭,除了平時多加練習(xí)之外,學(xué)會分解任務(wù)至關(guān)重要。把開頭當(dāng)做一個大任務(wù),那么分解為三個小任務(wù),每個任務(wù)完成了,開頭就寫完了。
建議開頭三個任務(wù):
a. 背景:題目所要討論的核心話題是什么?它的重要性是什么?有了他,人們,社會,世界會怎么樣?沒了呢,又會怎么樣?說白了,就是一定意義的“忽悠”。不過請注意,如果實在覺得寫不出來,那就可以不寫,這個部分是可以選擇寫或者不寫。
b. 引出題干:在背景結(jié)束之后,開始將題干引出來。引出的方法有三個:
1)反方觀點:自己的態(tài)度已經(jīng)確定的情況下,用反方的立場,把話題引出,伺機反駁,為后面引出自己的觀點埋下伏筆。
2)雙方爭議:比較熟悉的方式九十大家知道的,Some people think A;Some people think B. I think A. 不過,建議要寫明兩方面所持觀點的理由,這樣會更有說服力。
3)拋出問題:將題干改為一般疑問句或者特殊疑問句。同樣,為了會面以回答問題的方法引出個人觀點做好準備。
c. 個人觀點:個人觀點的表述很大程度上依賴題干是如何引出的:
1)如果是反方觀點引出,我們當(dāng)然不同意它,可以寫: I disagree. I believe…
2)如果是雙方爭議,要做出選擇??梢詫懀篈s for me, I would support A / B.
3)如果是拋出問題,要做出回答??梢詫懀篢he answer is…
以下是范例:
題目:Do you agree or disagree?
Universities should spend more money on improving
facilities or hiring good professors.
完整例 1(背景+反方觀點+個人觀點)
(背景)The quality of a university matters to it own development and also students’ future. There are many critical factors in judging a university and among them, facilities and professors are commonly noticed. (反方觀點)Some people would say that the importance of professors outweighs that of facilities, for they are the fundamental competitiveness for any school. (個人觀點)I, however, disagree. I believe that better facilities will be more beneficial to us.
完整例 2(背景+雙方爭議+個人觀點)
(背景)The quality of a university matters to it own development and also students’ future. There are many critical factors in judging a university and among them, facilities and professors are commonly noticed. (雙方爭議)Nowadays, people have conflicting opinions about whether professors weigh more in the progress of a university than facility. (個人觀點)As for me, professors are more essential.
完整例 3(背景+拋出問題+個人觀點)
(背景)The quality of a university matters to it own development and also students’ future. There are many critical factors in judging a university and among them, facilities and professors are commonly noticed. (拋出問題)Then, the question is which one affects the progress of a university more? (個人觀點)The answer is definitely the professors.托福寫作大作文如何開頭
1.場景或背景信息
即題目中出現(xiàn)的phenomenon
大作文要求字數(shù)至少達到250字,在寫作中考慮到字數(shù)的合理安排,第一段最好寫3-5句話,大約40字左右,并且切忌在第一段就掏心掏肺把什么話都說完。因此大作文開首方式通常有以下幾種情況:
? 題目中包含了背景信息(phenomenon),有時也出現(xiàn)一些人的觀點,并且題目中字數(shù)較多。這種情況下最保險的辦法是重寫(paraphrase)題目中的背景信息和提出另一些人觀點:
? 主動語態(tài)<=>被動語態(tài)
? 主謂賓<=>主系表
? 某些近義詞互換
Example:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
People today spend too much time on personal enjoyment doing things that they like to do rather than doing things they should do.
Use specific details and example to support your answer.
? In contemporary society, whether people nowadays immerse too much of themselves in personal enjoyment has become a heated discussion. Numerous supporters of the viewpoint claim that an increasing amount of time has been put into self entertainment while others assert that most of the citizens prefer doing things that they should do. 其后再加考生自己的觀點即可。
音符動態(tài)簡約分割線
2.題目中包含了背景信息,有時出現(xiàn)觀點
但題目中字數(shù)較少
若直接重新表達,字數(shù)湊不到40字左右。這種情況下我們有2種開首方式來保證字數(shù)。
? 就地點細節(jié)化來說明題目中的背景信息。
? 追溯歷史,過去與現(xiàn)在形成對比。
Example:
? 1. 就地點細節(jié)化來說明題目中的背景信息。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
It is more important for students to understand ideas and concepts than it is for them to learn facts.
Use specific details and example to support your answer.
? It is a truth universally acknowledge that school is a place where students equip themselves with all sorts of skills before they step into the society. What they should focus on learning has always been a controversial point. Some hold the opinion that... while in my personal perspective,其后加入考生個人觀點即可。
? 2. 追溯歷史,過去與現(xiàn)在形成對比。
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.
Use specific details and example to support your answer.
? From the beginning of 19th century, technology in the world has been developing rapidly, which enables computers players to have easier access to all sorts of digital games. In the last decades, a special phenomenon has been revealed that the proportion of children playing computer games is surging. 其后加入考生個人觀點即可。
音符動態(tài)簡約分割線
3.題目中僅出現(xiàn)部分人的觀點
沒有背景信息
這種情況下,我們可以根據(jù)這部分人的觀點所涉及的信息在開首段附加對背景信息的描述。
Example:
The best way to solve the world’s environmental problem is to increase the price of fuel. Do you agree or disagree?
? In the process of industrialization and urbanization, the scope of environmental problem facing the world is getting immense. From Mexico City and New York to Singapore and China new solutions to this problem are being proposed, tried and implemented. Some people believe increasing the price of fuel is the best approach to this problem. 其后加入考生個人觀點即可。托福寫作三段式怎么用
通常情況下,我們給大家推薦五段三點式文章結(jié)構(gòu)。即Introduction一段,Body三段,和Conclusion一段。一般第一段會用2-4句話陳述自己的觀點,大約60字左右。第2到4段從三個方面論述自己的觀點,每段約100字。結(jié)尾段用1-3句話總結(jié)自己的觀點,大約40個字。那么如何具體規(guī)劃每一個段落呢?
托福高分作文結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)劃之開頭段
開頭段主要用以下幾種方法來組織,即背景法(Background),爭議法(Controversy),提問法(Question),故事法(Story)和引言法(Quotation)。
以背景法為例。背景法一般會提出一種普遍的或值得關(guān)注的現(xiàn)象作為背景或者是由遠到近,由大到小地談?wù)摼o扣論題的社會觀點作為背景。背景法開頭段的結(jié)構(gòu)通常如下:背景(1-3句)+論題+反方觀點+(反方理由)+過度+(正方觀點)+作者的觀點+作者的理由。
點擊查看:托福寫作三段式寫法介紹
例如:Technology makes people's lives more complicated. 題目涉及到了現(xiàn)今社會比較熱門的話題---科技。這樣,我們就可以以這種社會比較關(guān)注的現(xiàn)象作為我們作文的開頭背景。因此這個題目的首段就可以這樣開始:Technology has had tremendous impacts on every aspect of modern life. However, people are having conflicting opinions about whether it has made people's lives more complicated or not. I believe technology has by and large made our lives more convenient。第一句話就是一句緊貼社會的背景,這樣寫不但很容易打開考生自己的思路,抓住作文的焦點,還能引起考官的共鳴。
托福高分作文結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)劃之中間段落
中間段落的文章結(jié)構(gòu)通常如下:Transitional words + topic sentence + development。如果考生在平時能熟練運用這樣的一個結(jié)構(gòu)來展開作文,那么考場上就會憑借這份思維定勢來幫助自己抓住每一分。中間三個段落都可以套用這種模式。
(1)Transitional words主要有以下三種,即表順序:firstly, secondly, finally (last but not least);表并列:besides, in addition;表對比:in contrast, in comparison。這些銜接詞會讓文章看起來脈絡(luò)清晰,組織嚴密,也就做到了評分標(biāo)準中的“well-organized”一條。
(2)主題句,顧名思義,向考官展示的是考生作文的主要意旨所以它在中間段落中的作用是至關(guān)重要的。通常主題句應(yīng)該注意一下幾點:
1.主題句必須是陳述句。有的考生想在寫作中創(chuàng)新,于是采用反問句或者其他看似多樣化的題目,然而這種多樣性帶來的后果是給考官觀點不明確的印象,很自然地會影響到分數(shù)。
2.必須表明觀點。如果考生把一句無關(guān)痛癢的話放在主題句的位置上,很顯然無法表明自身觀點。比如像“今天是晴天”這樣的話沒有表明觀點;然而“今天是個好天氣”就包含一種感情色彩在里面,給人一種立場明確的感覺??忌鷳?yīng)該切記:沒有反駁余地的就不可以作為主題句。TOEFL 開頭,比如口語或者寫作,有沒有什么常用開頭。
同學(xué),這個問題太寬泛。托??谡Z一共有6道題,第1、2道是獨立口語題,根據(jù)相應(yīng)問題作答。1題偏重就一個問題陳述觀點,如:你覺得最好的朋友應(yīng)該有哪些品質(zhì)呀?2題偏重選擇觀點辯論回答題。如:你覺得在家吃好還是去外邊吃好?
3、4題是先讀一篇文章,然后聽一段與文章相關(guān)的聽力,然后結(jié)合文章和聽力回答。如:文章是學(xué)校貼布告要修建停車場,聽力是兩名學(xué)生對這則通知的對話,說明自己認同或不認同這樣做。你就需要用口語還原出其中一名態(tài)度鮮明的同學(xué)的觀點。
5、6題是先聽然后再回答,一道是2人以上的對話,另一道是教授的演講。由此可看,每道題考察的能力不一樣,因此回答方式也是不一樣的。
如果你需要常用開頭的收集,不如去找每道題回答對應(yīng)的優(yōu)秀模板,看得多了,也就可以總結(jié)出有針對性的開頭方式。口語一般沒有固定的表達,問什么,說什么,因為有時間限制,口語最忌諱鋪墊,用沒有的表達占時間。唯一標(biāo)準就是,問什么,開門見山答什么。如何成功完成托福寫作開頭
模版開頭一
when it comes to the topic that…, opinions of the public are of great variety. Admittedly, some people would claim that….. However, I still insist that… My reasons will be listed as follows.
又比如在涉及到A和B兩個對象的影響類的題目里,常見模版開頭二:
Nowadays, the influence of A on B is a matter for debate for a long time. some people claim that… However, I disagree with them. In my viewpoint, … and the following is my reasons.
模版可以用,但是不建議同學(xué)們拿到題目就直接帶入模版,一來語言會顯得呆板,二來托福官方對模版的態(tài)度為“不扣分,不加分”,因此模版對于想要高分的同學(xué)學(xué)來說并沒有太大優(yōu)勢。所以還是希望同學(xué)們看到話題之后可以進行一定獨立思考。今天我們一起看下常見的開頭破冰法之一:定義法引入。
所謂“定義法”,就是下定義,對題目中的某些名詞或概念進行解釋,比如題目所涉及的success, responsibility, independence,social skills,part-time jobs等,我們可以直接解釋這些概念是什么,或者大家對這些事物的看法等,還有可能涉及到重要性或者其影響等詞,比如importance, benefits, advantageous,exert?positive/negative?influence on,一般一句話帶過即可。下面我們結(jié)合具體題目帶入“定義法引入”的具體應(yīng)用。
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