發(fā)布時(shí)間: 2024年12月23日 12:03
新托福作文題庫【1】
1.Traveling is more important than reading books in order to understand the people and the world. Do you agree or disagree with the statement Use specific reasons to support your answer.
2.Some people like different friends. Others like similar friends. Compare the advantages of these two? kinds of friends. Which kind of friend do you prefer. Explain why?
3.After they complete their university studies, some students live in their hometowns, others live in? different towns or cities. Which do you think is better ... living in your hometown or living in different towns or cities. Give specific reasons for your answer.
4.Some people believe that newspaper are the best source of news. Others think that the news is presented? better on radio or television. Which of these sources of news do you prefer? Use specific examples to? support your choice.
5.Some people learn best when a classroom lesson is presented in an entertaining , enjoyable way. Other? people learn best when a lesson is presented in a serious, formal way. Which of these two ways of? learning do you prefer? Give reasons to support your answer.
6.Some people say that the best preparation for life is learning to be cooperative. Others take the opposite? view and say that learning to be competitive is the best preparation. Tell which one you agree with and explain why.
7.Some people pay money for the things they want or need. Other people trade products or goods for? what they need. Compare the advantages of these two ways of obtaining things. Which way do you? prefer? Explain why.
8.Some people believe that growing up in a large family, with several sisters and brothers, offers? more advantages than disadvantages. Other people think that being the only child is more? advantageous. Write a short essay in which you discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each position. Explain which position you support.
9.Some people think studying in a university is worthwhile only because you can get a degree. Do you? agree or disagree with the statement? Give specific reasons to support your answer.
10.Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives.? Choose another invention that you think is important. Give specific reasons for your choice.
11.Someone think that playing a game is fun only when you win. Do you agree or disagree with the? statement. Use specific reasons to support your answer.
12.A research center is going to be established in a university. There is an argument whether to establish an agricultural center or a business one. Which do your think is better. Use specific reasons to support your answer.
13.Neighbors are the people who live near us. In your opinion, what are the qualities of a good neighbor? Use specific details and examples in your answer?
14.Some people like to eat at home and prepare food for themselves, others like to eat outside in restaurants or foodstands. Which way of eating do you prefer.? give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.
15.Some say that the world would be a better place now if the automobile had never been invented. Decide if you agree or disagree with this statement and give specific reasons for your decision.
16.Some people say that the best way to raise children is to encourage them to be independent thinkers. Others disagree and say that children need to be taught discipline in order to become successful. Using specific examples, discuss these two opinions. State which one you agree with and why?
17.Some people like to work or study at night, others like to work or study during the day. Which do you prefer-work or study at night or during the day? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.
18.Some people like to study alone, others like to study with several people together. Which do you prefer-study alone or study with other people? Give specific reasons and examples to illustrate your answer.
19.Some people like to use computers to type letter, others like to write letters with a pen. Which do you prefer and why?
20.Some companies like to employ younger and enthusiastic people, other companies like to employ older and experienced people. If you were a boss, which kind of people do you like to employ. Give reasons and specific examples to illustrate your answer.
21.“It”s better to make wrong decision dm make no decision at all.“ Do you agree or disagree with the statement. Give reasons or specific examples to illustrate your answer.
22.Some people tend to work only for money, while others believe that people should enjoy what opinion do. Which opinion do you prefer? Explain why?
23.Some people tend to study a subject in a very intensive way over a short period of time, while others tend to study a subject constantly over a long period of time. What do you think is a better way of learning? Explain why.
24.Should the money invested into a university be used to improve the library or to improve the physical training facilities? What do you think? Why?
25.Should the money invested into a university library be used to buy books or to buy computer? What do you think? Why?
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托福閱讀原文
China has one of the world's oldestcontinuous civilizations—despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. Acountry as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complexsocial and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a majorrole.
The function and status of ceramics inChina varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial,trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and theera in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broadtypes—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain—for vessels, architectural itemssuch as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was animportant group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of whichwere produced in earthenware.
The earliest ceramics were fired toearthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C.,high-temperature stone wares were being made with glazed surfaces. During theSix Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producinghigh-fired ceramics of good quality. White wares produced in Hebei and Henanprovinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highlyprized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one ofthe high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition ofreligious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearlydelineated than that of stone wares or porcelains, for it embraces the oldcustom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images andarchitectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb modelsof the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tangdynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs wereoutlined in a raised trail of slip—as well as the many burial ceramics producedin imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.
Trade between the West and the settled andprosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-centuryAD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were thesepieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation ofporcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. Fromthe Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobaltoxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level ofmanganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, whichproduces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the tradingactivities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities ofdecorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated andinfluenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinesethemselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottleswith long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially forthe European market.
Just as painted designs on Greek pots mayseem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully andprecisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it iswith Chinese pots. To twentieth-centuryeyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the formof each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragonrepresented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranateindicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood forwedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fishleaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. onlywhen European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings becomeobscured or even lost.
From early times pots were used in bothreligious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in theYuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established atJingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Longand often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assistin classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large andcomplicated picture.
托福閱讀試題
1. The word “status” in thepassage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.origin
B. importance
C.quality
D.design
2.According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing is true of Chinese ceramics?
A. The function of ceramics remained thesame from dynasty to dynasty.
B.The use of ceramics as trade objects isbetter documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.
C. There was little variation in qualityfor any type of ceramics over time.
D.Some religious sculptures were made usingthe earthenware type of ceramics.
3.The word “evolve” in the passage(Paragraph3)is closest in meaning to
A. divided
B.extended
C.developed
D. vanished
4.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 3) inthe passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.
A.While stone wares and porcelains arefound throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to theancient period.
B.Religious sculpture was created in mostperiods, but its history is less clear than that of stone wares or porcelainsbecause some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.
C.While stone wares and porcelains changedthroughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.
D.The historical development of religioussculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resembleearthenware architectural ornaments.
5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the followingconcerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:
A.The earliest high-fired ceramics were ofpoor quality.
B. Ceramics produced during the Tang andMing dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.
Earthenware ceramics were produced in Chinabefore stone wares were.
D.The Song dynasty period was notable forthe production of high quality porcelain ceramics.
6.The word “instigate” in thepassage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to
A.improved
B.investigated
C. narrowed
D.caused
7.According to paragraph 4, one consequenceof the trade of Chinese ceramics was
A. the transfer of a distinctive bluepigment from China to the Middle East
B.an immediate change from earthenwareproduction to porcelain production in European countries
C.Chinese production of wares made for theEuropean market
D.a decreased number of porcelain vesselsavailable on the European market
8.The word “whereas” in thepassage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to
A. while
B. previously
C.surprisingly
D.because
9.In paragraph 5, the author compares thedesigns on Chinese pots to those on Greek pots in order to
A.emphasize that while Chinese pots weredecorative, Greek pots were functional
B.argue that the designs on Chinese potshad specific meanings and were not just decorative
C.argue that twentieth-century scholars arebetter able to understand these designs than were ancient scholars
D.explain how scholars have identified themeaning of specific images on Chinese pots
10.Which of the following is mentioned inparagraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?
A.Chinese rulers
B. love of homeland
C. loyally to friends
D. success in trade
11.Paragraph 5 suggests which of thefollowing about the decorations on Chinese pottery?
A.They had more importance for aristocratsthan for ordinary citizens.
B.Their significance may have remainedclear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.
C.They contain some of the same images thatappear on Greek pots
D.Their significance is now as clear totwentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.
12.The word “these” in the passage(Paragraph6)refers to
A.religious ceremonies
B. descriptions
C.types of ware
D.pots
13. Look at the four squares [■]thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Wherecould the sentence best fit? Foreign trade was also responsible for certaininnovations in coloring.
Trade between the West and the settled andprosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-centuryAD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■【A】So admiredwere these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made inimitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of theirmanufacture. ■【B】From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purifiedform of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—thatcontained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a highmanganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■【C】In theseventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Companyresulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought toEurope, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares,notably Delft. ■【D】The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from theWest, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorativepatterns especially for the European market.
14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.
Ceramics have been produced in China for avery long time.
A.The Chinese produced earthenware,stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety ofutilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial purposes.
B. The shape and decoration of ceramicsproduced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramicsproduced for export.
C.As a result of trade relations, Chineseceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production ofother countries.
D. Chinese burial ceramics have the longestand most varied history of production and were frequently decorated withwritten texts that help scholars date them.
E.Before China had contact with the West,the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was wellunderstood.
F.Ceramics made in imperial factories wereused in both religious and non-religious contexts.
托福 閱讀答案
1.status狀態(tài)，地位，所以B的importance重要性，地位正確。原句說瓷器的作用和什么因朝代而不同，而且之后有解釋可能是實(shí)用的，用于埋葬的，或者blabla，所以importance能對上。origin起源不可能因?yàn)槌兓?quality后面有，不應(yīng)該重復(fù);design與后文的例子對不上
2.問題中的關(guān)鍵詞不能用，所以排除法最好。A的dynasty todynasty做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，說反，錯(cuò);B的trade objects和ritual objects做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，原文沒有比較，錯(cuò);C的quality做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，說根據(jù)它們質(zhì)量決定用來干嘛，所以質(zhì)量是有變化的，C錯(cuò);D的religious和earthenware做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句，正確
3.evolve進(jìn)化，演化，所以C的develop正確。原文說七到十世紀(jì)的白瓷怎么樣成了宋代的很好的瓷，無論從時(shí)間上還是后面說的highly prized都證明后面的比前面的好，所以應(yīng)該是變好的意思，A分開B延伸D消失都沒有變好之意
4.原文的主要關(guān)系是因果，因果的結(jié)果部分包含了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，所以從結(jié)構(gòu)上說只有B和D可能正確。B正確，D錯(cuò)在原文說stoneware和porcelain比religious sculpture清楚，但沒說religious sculpture不清楚，錯(cuò)
5.EXCEPT題，排除法。A的high-firedceramics做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第二句，原文說good quality, 備選項(xiàng)說poor，反了，錯(cuò)，選;B的Tang and Ming Dynasty做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句，正確，不選;C的earthenware和stoneware做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，原文說最早的是earthenware，所以比stoneware早，所以C正確，不選;D的Song dynasty做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三句，正確，不選
6.nstigate教唆，鼓動(dòng)，煽動(dòng)，所以cause引起正確，注意不要被investigate迷惑。原句說那些陶器非常惹人喜愛，促進(jìn)了earthenware的發(fā)展，也instigate了制陶 方法 的研究，instigate與原文的encourage并列，所以應(yīng)該是鼓勵(lì)之意。A提升改善B調(diào)查C變窄均不正確
7.以trade of Chineseceramics做關(guān)鍵詞定位至倒數(shù)第二句，問結(jié)果，所以應(yīng)該關(guān)注result in之后的內(nèi)容，說大量的Chinese porcelain到了歐洲，影響了一系列ware，接著又說會專門為歐洲市場做一些ware，所以C正確;注意B盡管說到了change，但immediate是原文沒說的;A沒說;D說反了，應(yīng)該是增加
8.注意 句子 中的seem和in fact，seem叫做看上去，也就是事實(shí)很可能不是這樣，后面的in fact叫做事實(shí)上，也就是說前面說的很可能不是事實(shí)，兩者呼應(yīng)，都說明兩句話之間的關(guān)系是轉(zhuǎn)折，所以while正確
9.先看本句，現(xiàn)代人認(rèn)為希臘的pots上的design只是裝飾，沒有實(shí)際意義，但事實(shí)上是有意義的，中國的pots也這樣，所以B正確。A錯(cuò)，不是pots decorative，而是design;C說反，D沒說方式，所以how錯(cuò)
10.問下面哪個(gè)是design的替代意義，倒數(shù)第二句整個(gè)都在說pots上design的意義，提到了emperor和empress，皇帝和皇后，所以A的Chinese rulers正確，統(tǒng)治者;其他都沒說
11.問題中關(guān)鍵詞不明顯，排除法。A的ordinarycitizens和aristocrat原文沒說;B的foreign influence做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句的European，說直到引入歐洲theme之后中國原有的裝飾的意思才被obscure，對應(yīng)B，沒有foreign influence那些意思不會改變，正確;C沒說;D反了，應(yīng)該是ancient更熟悉
12.these往前找，找主語。注意從句子一開始到exist之前都是句子的主語，但of之前的東西是整個(gè)句子的核心，所以答案是description，對于什么什么的描述，描述才是核心，不是types of ware
13.兩個(gè)過渡點(diǎn)，名詞foreign trade和coloring。foreigntrade對應(yīng)原文第四句的from Middle East Chinese acquired blabla和倒數(shù)第二句的tradingactivities，所以B/C/D都有可能;coloring證明B或者C正確。按照正常邏輯，應(yīng)該先總括，說外貿(mào)也使染色技術(shù)發(fā)生變化，接著再說怎么變的，所以B正確，C錯(cuò)誤
14.The Chinese選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第二段第二句，正確
The shape選項(xiàng)原文沒說，不選
As選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)原文第四段第一句，正確
Chinese選項(xiàng)原文沒說，不選
Before選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)原文第五段最后一句，正確
Ceramics選項(xiàng)MS對應(yīng)原文最后一段，但最后一段沒說imperial陶瓷是用于both情況的，也不選
托福閱讀譯文
【1】盡管中國曾飽受入侵，偶爾喪失主權(quán)受制于外國，她仍然擁有世界上最源遠(yuǎn)流長的文明。像中國一個(gè)擁有悠久文明的大國，而陶瓷在其復(fù)雜的社會歷史以及視覺歷史中扮演了極為重要的角色。
【2】在中國，每一個(gè)朝代陶瓷的功能和地位都是不同的，所以，根據(jù)它們的質(zhì)量和制作年代的不同，可以是實(shí)用器物、陪葬品、貿(mào)易 收藏 品，甚至是禮器。對于容器、瓦片等建筑材料、模仿的物體或人物，陶瓷廣義上被分為3大類：陶器、炻器和瓷器。另外，瓷器中還有很重要的一類就是宗教用途的雕塑，它們多數(shù)是陶質(zhì)的。
【3】盡管最早的陶瓷是在制陶的溫度下燒制的，但是早在公元前15世紀(jì)，就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了上釉的高溫炻器。六朝時(shí)期(公元265-589年)，中國北方就有窯爐在燒制優(yōu)質(zhì)的高溫瓷器。從7世紀(jì)到10世紀(jì)，河北以及河南省產(chǎn)的白瓷逐漸演變成為享有盛名的宋瓷(公元960-1279年)——長久以來被認(rèn)為是中國陶瓷業(yè)歷史中的巔峰時(shí)期之一。宗教雕塑的傳統(tǒng)在大部分歷史時(shí)期中都有延續(xù)，但是沒有炻器和瓷器質(zhì)地的雕塑描繪的那么清晰，有一種古老的習(xí)俗，就是將刻著新的宗教形象和建筑裝飾的陶器作為陪葬品。瓷制品還包括漢朝的鉛釉隨葬陶俑，唐朝的三彩鉛釉器皿和人物，明朝的以泥釉凸紋展現(xiàn)輪廓的三彩寺廟裝飾物以及很多用來仿制貴重器皿的陪葬瓷器。
【4】西方國家和繁榮穩(wěn)定的歷代中國朝代之間的貿(mào)易促使雙方互相引入了新的形式和不同的技術(shù)。有一個(gè)意義最為深遠(yuǎn)的例子，公元9世紀(jì)精美中國瓷器出口到阿拉伯世界，帶來巨大的影響。阿拉伯人對這些瓷器贊不絕口，于是他們鼓勵(lì)制陶來仿制瓷器，并激勵(lì)人們研究制作方法。中國人從中東獲得了一種藍(lán)色顏料——一種純化的氧化鈷，當(dāng)時(shí)在中國并未出現(xiàn)，其中只含有少量的錳。中國境內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的鈷礦石含有大量的會產(chǎn)生暗藍(lán)灰色的錳元素。17世紀(jì)，大量中國裝飾類瓷器通過荷蘭東印度公司的交易活動(dòng)流入歐洲，這刺激和影響了廣泛多樣的瓷器的生產(chǎn)，特別是代爾夫特 。中國人自己改良了很多種來自西方的特殊器皿，比如長嘴的瓶子，并專門為歐洲市場設(shè)計(jì)了一系列裝飾性圖案。
【5】就像希臘的陶器上所繪的圖案，今天看來也許純粹是為了裝飾，然而事實(shí)上在當(dāng)時(shí)它們都是人們精心燒制而成的，它們的意義在當(dāng)時(shí)非常明確，中國的瓷器也是如此。以20世紀(jì)的眼光來看，中國制造的陶瓷也許僅僅是裝飾品，但是對于中國人來說每個(gè)物件的形狀及它的裝飾都有寓意非凡，影響深遠(yuǎn)。龍代表皇帝，鳳代表皇后;石榴意味著多子，雙魚意味著幸福;鴛鴦寓意著婚姻幸福美滿;松樹、桃樹以及鶴都是長壽的象征;魚躍出水面意味著科舉考試會高中。但是歐洲的裝飾主題被引進(jìn)后，這些寓意就變得不再那么流行甚至丟失了。
【6】陶瓷器皿在很早期就已用于宗教和日常生活中。朝廷分派了制作工作，并于元朝(公元1279-1368年)在景德鎮(zhèn)設(shè)立了一座官窯。陶瓷器皿在一些宗教儀式上也有著重要的地位?，F(xiàn)存的關(guān)于不同類型的陶瓷器具很多長篇且抒情的描述可以幫助我們對其進(jìn)行分類，盡管這些描述有時(shí)候會使得一幅大而復(fù)雜的畫面顯得凌亂。
托福閱讀TPO10(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Chinese Pottery相關(guān) 文章 ：
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