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? ? ?托福TPO1閱讀真題原文Part3
Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.
The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.
Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often adramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
托福TPO1閱讀真題題目Part3
1. The word "dramatic" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○gradual
○complex
○visible
○striking
2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?
○In an area that has little water
○In an area that has little sunlight
○Above a transition area
○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?
○B(yǎng)oth are treeless zones.
○B(yǎng)oth mark forest boundaries.
○B(yǎng)oth are surrounded by desert areas.
○B(yǎng)oth suffer from a lack of moisture.
Paragraph 2: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?
○They cannot grow in cold climates.
○They do not exist at the upper timberline.
○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.
○They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do.
Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
5. The word "attain" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○require
○resist
○achieve
○endure
6. The word "they" in the passage refers to
○valleys
○trees
○heights
○ridges
7. The word "prone" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○adapted
○likely
○difficult
○resistant
8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?
○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys
○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.
○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.
○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.
Paragraph 4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
9. Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○B(yǎng)ecause of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.
○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.
○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.
○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.
10. In paragraph 4, what is the author's main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?
○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.
○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations
○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified
○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon
Paragraph 6: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is lessprevalent.
11. The word "prevalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○predictable
○widespread
○successful
○developed
12. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:
○B(yǎng)ecause they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.
○B(yǎng)ecause they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.
○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.
○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.
Paragraph 5: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. █
13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○B(yǎng)irch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.
○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.
○The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.
○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.
○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.
○Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures
托福TPO1閱讀真題答案Part3
答案：
1. ○4
2. ○1
3. ○2
4. ○3
5. ○3
6. ○2
7. ○2
8. ○1
9. ○3
10. ○4
11. ○2
12. ○3
13. ○4
14. There is no agreement among…
Despite being adjacent …
The geographical location of…
托福TPO1閱讀真題Part3原文翻譯
山上樹帶界線的植被
通常從山坡上的森林到?jīng)]有樹的苔原是一種非常戲劇化的轉(zhuǎn)變。在一個(gè)垂直距離只有幾十米的地方，樹木這種生命形式就消失了，取而代之的是低矮的灌木、草本植物和牧草。這種快速過渡的區(qū)域被稱為上行樹帶界線或林木線。在許多干旱的地區(qū)存在著下行樹帶界線，在這里由于缺乏水分森林變成干草原，甚至在最下端會(huì)出現(xiàn)沙漠。
上行樹帶界線，和雪線一樣，在熱帶最高，在極地最低。從極地地區(qū)的海平面到干燥的亞熱帶地區(qū)的海拔4 500米處以及潮濕的熱帶地區(qū)海拔3 500米至4 500米處都有上行樹帶界線。樹帶界線內(nèi)通常是常綠樹，它們和處于上行樹帶界線處極端惡劣環(huán)境中生長(zhǎng)的落葉樹木相比，具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)。然而，在部分地區(qū)也有由落葉闊葉林組成的樹帶界線。例如，在喜馬拉雅的部分地區(qū)，樺樹就在樹帶界線上。
上行樹帶界線的樹木開始扭曲和變形，尤其在中高緯度地區(qū)的樹木，這些地區(qū)的樹木往往會(huì)在山脊上長(zhǎng)得更高，而在熱帶地區(qū)的樹木則在山谷里長(zhǎng)得更高;因?yàn)橹懈呔暥鹊貐^(qū)樹帶界線受積雪覆蓋時(shí)間和深度的影響很大。由于山谷中積雪覆蓋較厚且持續(xù)時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)，樹木即便是生長(zhǎng)在大風(fēng)和貧瘠的土地里，也往往會(huì)在山脊上長(zhǎng)得更高。在熱帶地區(qū)山谷里更有利于生長(zhǎng)，因?yàn)樯焦炔灰赘珊?、很少結(jié)霜，并且有更深的土壤。
目前還沒有一個(gè)普遍認(rèn)同的解釋來說明為什么會(huì)在樹帶界線上出現(xiàn)樹木停止生長(zhǎng)這種戲劇化的現(xiàn)象。多種環(huán)境因素都起到作用，例如，積雪過多會(huì)讓樹木透不過氣，雪崩和雪移能摧毀樹木;長(zhǎng)時(shí)間積雪縮短了有效生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)的時(shí)間，樹苗無法生長(zhǎng);另外，風(fēng)速會(huì)隨著海拔的升高而增加，增加樹木承受的壓力，很明顯，正是這種風(fēng)速帶來的壓力導(dǎo)致樹木在高緯度地區(qū)發(fā)生變形。一些科學(xué)家提出，隨著海拔的上升而不斷增強(qiáng)的紫外線、野生山羊等動(dòng)物的放養(yǎng)，都是導(dǎo)致樹帶界線形成的因素?；蛟S最重要的環(huán)境因素是溫度，因?yàn)槿绻L(zhǎng)季節(jié)太短并且氣溫太低，樹芽和樹苗都無法充分地成長(zhǎng)而存活過冬季。
在林木線之上有一個(gè)稱為高山苔原的地帶。由于緊挨著樹帶界線，苔原上都是矮灌木、草本植物和牧草。隨著海拔的增加，物種的數(shù)量和多樣性會(huì)逐漸減少，直到出現(xiàn)大量空地伴著零星的苔蘚和地衣這樣的伏地墊狀植物。有些植物甚至可以在雪線以上有利的微環(huán)境中生存，世界上海拔最高的植物是出現(xiàn)在喜馬拉雅山上6 100百米的馬卡魯峰。在這個(gè)高度上，被陽光溫暖過的巖石可以將 小雪 堆融化。
高山植物最突出的特點(diǎn)是其低矮的生長(zhǎng)形態(tài)。這種特點(diǎn)使他們能夠避開大風(fēng)最強(qiáng)勢(shì)的勢(shì)頭，并且有助于他們利用緊鄰地 面相 對(duì)較高的溫度。在這樣一個(gè)低溫限制生命的地區(qū)，地表提供的額外溫度是至關(guān)重要的。低矮的生長(zhǎng)形態(tài)也可以幫助植物充分利用冬季積雪所提供的保溫環(huán)境。在赤道區(qū)的山脈上低矮的生長(zhǎng)形態(tài)并不常見。
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托福TPO作為托福的模考工具，它的題目對(duì)于我們備考托福很有參考價(jià)值，為了幫助大家備考，下面我給大家整理了托福TPO3閱讀真題原文Part3，望喜歡！
? ? ?托福TPO3閱讀真題原文Part3
The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term "succession" to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes-in plant numbers and the mix of species-are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year's time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.
At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.
The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what "stability" means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability-just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child's tricycle.
Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community's resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacent community. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.
Paragraph 1: Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area. Ecologists use the term "succession" to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes-in plant numbers and the mix of species-are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
托福TPO3閱讀真題題目Part3
1. The word "particular" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○natural
○final
○specific
○complex
2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
○They occur at the end of a succession.
○They last longer than any other type of community.
○The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change.
○They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
Paragraph 2: An ecologist who studies a pond today may well find it relatively unchanged in a year's time. Individual fish may be replaced, but the number of fish will tend to be the same from one year to the next. We can say that the properties of an ecosystem are more stable than the individual organisms that compose the ecosystem.
3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following principles of ecosystems can be learned by studying a pond?
○Ecosystem properties change more slowly than individuals in the system.
○The stability of an ecosystem tends to change as individuals are replaced.
○Individual organisms are stable from one year to the next.
○A change in the members of an organism does not affect an ecosystem's properties.
Paragraph 3: At one time, ecologists believed that species diversity made ecosystems stable. They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. Support for this idea came from the observation that long-lasting climax communities usually have more complex food webs and more species diversity than pioneer communities. Ecologists concluded that the apparent stability of climax ecosystems depended on their complexity. To take an extreme example, farmlands dominated by a single crop are so unstable that one year of bad weather or the invasion of a single pest can destroy the entire crop. In contrast, a complex climax community, such as a temperate forest, will tolerate considerable damage from weather to pests.
4. According to paragraph 3, ecologists once believed that which of the following illustrated the most stable ecosystems?
○Pioneer communities
○Climax communities
○Single-crop farmlands
○Successional plant communities
Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what "stability" means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.
5. According to paragraph 4, why is the question of ecosystem stability complicated?
○The reasons for ecosystem change are not always clear.
○Ecologists often confuse the word "stability" with the word "resilience."
○The exact meaning of the word "stability" is debated by ecologists.
○There are many different answers to ecological questions.
6. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities?○They are more resilient than pioneer communities.
○They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities.
○They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.
○They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over time.
Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability-just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child's tricycle.
7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
○They become less stable as they mature.
○They support many species when they reach climax.
○They are found in temperate zones.
○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
8. The word "guarantee" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○increase
○ensure
○favor
○complicate
9. In paragraph 5, why does the author provide the information that "A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child's tricycle"?
○To illustrate a general principle about the stability of systems by using an everyday example
○To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations
○To make a comparison that supports the claim that, in general, stability increases with diversity
○To provide an example that contradicts mathematical models of ecosystems
Paragraph 6: Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community's resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery.
10. The word "pales" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○increases proportionally
○differs
○loses significance
○is common
Paragraph 7: Many ecologists now think that the relative long-term stability of climax communities comes not from diversity but from the "patchiness" of the environment, an environment that varies from place to place supports more kinds of organisms than an environment that is uniform. A local population that goes extinct is quickly replaced by immigrants from an adjacentcommunity. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incurred choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○Ecologists now think that the stability of an environment is a result of diversity rather than patchiness.
○Patchy environments that vary from place to place do not often have high species diversity.
○Uniform environments cannot be climax communities because they do not support as many types of organisms as patchy environments.
○A patchy environment is thought to increase stability because it is able to support a wide variety of organisms.
12.The word "adjacent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○foreign
○stable
○fluid
○neighboring
Paragraph 6: █Ecologists are especially interested to know what factors contribute to the resilience of communities because climax communities all over the world are being severely damaged or destroyed by human activities. █The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. █We need to know what aspects of a community are most important to the community's resistance to destruction, as well as its recovery. █
13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
In fact, damage to the environment by humans is often much more severe than damage by natural events and processes.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The process of succession and the stability of a climax community can change over time.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○The changes that occur in an ecosystem from the pioneer to the climax community can be seen in one human generation.
○A high degree of species diversity does not always result in a stable ecosystem.
○The level of resilience in a plant community contributes to its long-term stability.
○Ecologists agree that climax communities are the most stable types of ecosystems.
○Disagreements over the meaning of the term "stability" make it difficult to identify the most stable ecosystems.
○The resilience of climax communities makes them resistant to destruction caused by humans
托福TPO3閱讀真題答案Part3
參考答案：
1. ○3
2. ○3
3. ○1
4. ○2
5. ○3
6. ○2
7. ○3
8. ○2
9. ○1
10. ○3
11. ○4
12. ○4
13. ○2
14. A high degree of species diversity
The level of resilience in
Disagreements over the
托福TPO3閱讀翻譯Part3
參考翻譯：生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定
植物群體可以自由地聚集，它們特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)取決于聚集區(qū)域的具體歷史。生態(tài)學(xué)家使用"演替"來詮釋植物群落和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)隨著時(shí)間推移所發(fā)生的變化。演替中的第一個(gè)群落被稱作先鋒群落，而處于演替最后那個(gè)長(zhǎng)期生存的群落被稱為頂極群落。先鋒群落和緊接著的植物群落的變化周期是從1到500年不等，植物數(shù)量和混合種類數(shù)量的變化是慢慢積累的。頂極群落本身也改變，但其變化周期超過500年。
現(xiàn)代一個(gè)研究池塘的生態(tài)學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)池塘在一年當(dāng)中相對(duì)而言是不變的。個(gè)別魚類可能被替換，但年復(fù)一年魚的總數(shù)都趨于一致。也就是說，一個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)自身的屬性要比由單一生物體組成的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)更穩(wěn)定。
生態(tài)學(xué)家們一度認(rèn)為物種的多樣性使生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)物種越多樣則生態(tài)系統(tǒng)越穩(wěn)定。通過觀察得出的結(jié)論支持了這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，長(zhǎng)期持久的頂極群落通常要比先鋒群落具備更為復(fù)雜的食物網(wǎng)和更多的物種。生態(tài)學(xué)家家們得出的結(jié)論是：頂點(diǎn)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性明顯取決于他們的復(fù)雜化程度。舉個(gè)極端的例子，在單一作物的農(nóng)田中，一年的惡劣天氣或單一害蟲的入侵就可以摧毀所有作物。與此相反，在一個(gè)復(fù)雜的頂極群落里，如溫帶森林，他們便可以抵御來自氣候和害蟲的干擾和入侵。
不管怎樣，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性的問題非常復(fù)雜。首先，不是所有的生態(tài)學(xué)家都贊同"穩(wěn)定"的含義。穩(wěn)定性可以簡(jiǎn)單地定義為缺乏變化。如果是這樣的話，頂極群落將被視為最穩(wěn)定的，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)定義，他們隨著時(shí)間推移而變化得最少。另外，穩(wěn)定性也可以界定為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在經(jīng)歷了嚴(yán)重破壞之后回復(fù)原貌的速度，比如火災(zāi)。這種穩(wěn)定性也被稱作彈性。在這種情況下，頂極群落將是最脆弱和最不穩(wěn)定的，因?yàn)樗麄兛赡苄枰獢?shù)百年時(shí)間才能恢復(fù)到頂點(diǎn)狀態(tài)。
即使是這種被定義為簡(jiǎn)單地缺乏變化的穩(wěn)定性并非總是與最多樣的物種聯(lián)系起來。至少在溫帶地區(qū)，會(huì)經(jīng)常在演替過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)最多物種，而不是在頂極群落中。例如，紅杉樹林一旦成熟，其中的物種數(shù)量以及單個(gè)物種的數(shù)量都會(huì)減少。一般來說，多樣性本身并不能保證穩(wěn)定性(事實(shí)上正相反)，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型也可以得出同樣的結(jié)論。一個(gè)更復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)可能比一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的系統(tǒng)更容易被破壞(一個(gè)十五速的 賽車 比一個(gè)孩子的三輪車更容易損壞)。
生態(tài)學(xué)家們更想弄清楚到底哪些因素有助于促成群落的恢復(fù)，因?yàn)槭澜绺鞯氐捻敇O群落都因?yàn)槿祟惢顒?dòng)而遭受到嚴(yán)重的損壞或毀壞。就像美國(guó)西北部圣海倫火山的猛烈噴發(fā)所造成的破壞，在人類活動(dòng)對(duì)環(huán)境造成的破壞面前也相形見絀。我們必須了解對(duì)群落抵抗、破壞和恢復(fù)來說哪些是最重要的。
現(xiàn)在的很多生態(tài)學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，頂極群落相對(duì)長(zhǎng)期的穩(wěn)定性并非來自于多樣性，而是來自環(huán)境的"補(bǔ)綴"，隨處變化的環(huán)境比始終如一的環(huán)境更有利于多種有機(jī)體的生存。當(dāng)?shù)匚锓N滅亡后，馬上就會(huì)被相鄰群落的移民取代。即便是另一種不同的物種，他們也可以填補(bǔ)那些已滅絕生物的空缺，并保持食物網(wǎng)的完整。
托福TPO3閱讀真題原文及答案翻譯Part3相關(guān) 文章 ：
1. 新托福閱讀考試需要多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間
托福TPO是托福備考小伙伴們最重要的參考資料，并且這個(gè)是在備考時(shí)候一定要認(rèn)真多多練習(xí)，托福TPO是非常重要的希望大家一定要重視起來，我為廣大的托?？忌砹送懈ｉ喿xTPO10(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Chinese Pottery，下面就來跟我一起來看下面精彩內(nèi)容吧!
托福閱讀原文
China has one of the world's oldestcontinuous civilizations—despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. Acountry as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complexsocial and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a majorrole.
The function and status of ceramics inChina varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial,trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and theera in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broadtypes—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain—for vessels, architectural itemssuch as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was animportant group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of whichwere produced in earthenware.
The earliest ceramics were fired toearthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C.,high-temperature stone wares were being made with glazed surfaces. During theSix Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producinghigh-fired ceramics of good quality. White wares produced in Hebei and Henanprovinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highlyprized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one ofthe high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition ofreligious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearlydelineated than that of stone wares or porcelains, for it embraces the oldcustom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images andarchitectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb modelsof the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tangdynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs wereoutlined in a raised trail of slip—as well as the many burial ceramics producedin imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.
Trade between the West and the settled andprosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-centuryAD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were thesepieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation ofporcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. Fromthe Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobaltoxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level ofmanganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, whichproduces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the tradingactivities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities ofdecorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated andinfluenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinesethemselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottleswith long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially forthe European market.
Just as painted designs on Greek pots mayseem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully andprecisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it iswith Chinese pots. To twentieth-centuryeyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the formof each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragonrepresented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranateindicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood forwedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fishleaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. onlywhen European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings becomeobscured or even lost.
From early times pots were used in bothreligious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in theYuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established atJingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Longand often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assistin classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large andcomplicated picture.
托福閱讀試題
1. The word “status” in thepassage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.origin
B. importance
C.quality
D.design
2.According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing is true of Chinese ceramics?
A. The function of ceramics remained thesame from dynasty to dynasty.
B.The use of ceramics as trade objects isbetter documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.
C. There was little variation in qualityfor any type of ceramics over time.
D.Some religious sculptures were made usingthe earthenware type of ceramics.
3.The word “evolve” in the passage(Paragraph3)is closest in meaning to
A. divided
B.extended
C.developed
D. vanished
4.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 3) inthe passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.
A.While stone wares and porcelains arefound throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to theancient period.
B.Religious sculpture was created in mostperiods, but its history is less clear than that of stone wares or porcelainsbecause some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.
C.While stone wares and porcelains changedthroughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.
D.The historical development of religioussculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resembleearthenware architectural ornaments.
5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the followingconcerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:
A.The earliest high-fired ceramics were ofpoor quality.
B. Ceramics produced during the Tang andMing dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.
Earthenware ceramics were produced in Chinabefore stone wares were.
D.The Song dynasty period was notable forthe production of high quality porcelain ceramics.
6.The word “instigate” in thepassage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to
A.improved
B.investigated
C. narrowed
D.caused
7.According to paragraph 4, one consequenceof the trade of Chinese ceramics was
A. the transfer of a distinctive bluepigment from China to the Middle East
B.an immediate change from earthenwareproduction to porcelain production in European countries
C.Chinese production of wares made for theEuropean market
D.a decreased number of porcelain vesselsavailable on the European market
8.The word “whereas” in thepassage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to
A. while
B. previously
C.surprisingly
D.because
9.In paragraph 5, the author compares thedesigns on Chinese pots to those on Greek pots in order to
A.emphasize that while Chinese pots weredecorative, Greek pots were functional
B.argue that the designs on Chinese potshad specific meanings and were not just decorative
C.argue that twentieth-century scholars arebetter able to understand these designs than were ancient scholars
D.explain how scholars have identified themeaning of specific images on Chinese pots
10.Which of the following is mentioned inparagraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?
A.Chinese rulers
B. love of homeland
C. loyally to friends
D. success in trade
11.Paragraph 5 suggests which of thefollowing about the decorations on Chinese pottery?
A.They had more importance for aristocratsthan for ordinary citizens.
B.Their significance may have remainedclear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.
C.They contain some of the same images thatappear on Greek pots
D.Their significance is now as clear totwentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.
12.The word “these” in the passage(Paragraph6)refers to
A.religious ceremonies
B. descriptions
C.types of ware
D.pots
13. Look at the four squares [■]thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Wherecould the sentence best fit? Foreign trade was also responsible for certaininnovations in coloring.
Trade between the West and the settled andprosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-centuryAD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■【A】So admiredwere these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made inimitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of theirmanufacture. ■【B】From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purifiedform of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—thatcontained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a highmanganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■【C】In theseventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Companyresulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought toEurope, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares,notably Delft. ■【D】The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from theWest, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorativepatterns especially for the European market.
14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.
Ceramics have been produced in China for avery long time.
A.The Chinese produced earthenware,stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety ofutilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial purposes.
B. The shape and decoration of ceramicsproduced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramicsproduced for export.
C.As a result of trade relations, Chineseceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production ofother countries.
D. Chinese burial ceramics have the longestand most varied history of production and were frequently decorated withwritten texts that help scholars date them.
E.Before China had contact with the West,the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was wellunderstood.
F.Ceramics made in imperial factories wereused in both religious and non-religious contexts.
托福 閱讀答案
1.status狀態(tài)，地位，所以B的importance重要性，地位正確。原句說瓷器的作用和什么因朝代而不同，而且之后有解釋可能是實(shí)用的，用于埋葬的，或者blabla，所以importance能對(duì)上。origin起源不可能因?yàn)槌兓?quality后面有，不應(yīng)該重復(fù);design與后文的例子對(duì)不上
2.問題中的關(guān)鍵詞不能用，所以排除法最好。A的dynasty todynasty做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，說反，錯(cuò);B的trade objects和ritual objects做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，原文沒有比較，錯(cuò);C的quality做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，說根據(jù)它們質(zhì)量決定用來干嘛，所以質(zhì)量是有變化的，C錯(cuò);D的religious和earthenware做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句，正確
3.evolve進(jìn)化，演化，所以C的develop正確。原文說七到十世紀(jì)的白瓷怎么樣成了宋代的很好的瓷，無論從時(shí)間上還是后面說的highly prized都證明后面的比前面的好，所以應(yīng)該是變好的意思，A分開B延伸D消失都沒有變好之意
4.原文的主要關(guān)系是因果，因果的結(jié)果部分包含了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，所以從結(jié)構(gòu)上說只有B和D可能正確。B正確，D錯(cuò)在原文說stoneware和porcelain比religious sculpture清楚，但沒說religious sculpture不清楚，錯(cuò)
5.EXCEPT題，排除法。A的high-firedceramics做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第二句，原文說good quality, 備選項(xiàng)說poor，反了，錯(cuò)，選;B的Tang and Ming Dynasty做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句，正確，不選;C的earthenware和stoneware做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，原文說最早的是earthenware，所以比stoneware早，所以C正確，不選;D的Song dynasty做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三句，正確，不選
6.nstigate教唆，鼓動(dòng)，煽動(dòng)，所以cause引起正確，注意不要被investigate迷惑。原句說那些陶器非常惹人喜愛，促進(jìn)了earthenware的發(fā)展，也instigate了制陶 方法 的研究，instigate與原文的encourage并列，所以應(yīng)該是鼓勵(lì)之意。A提升改善B調(diào)查C變窄均不正確
7.以trade of Chineseceramics做關(guān)鍵詞定位至倒數(shù)第二句，問結(jié)果，所以應(yīng)該關(guān)注result in之后的內(nèi)容，說大量的Chinese porcelain到了歐洲，影響了一系列ware，接著又說會(huì)專門為歐洲市場(chǎng)做一些ware，所以C正確;注意B盡管說到了change，但immediate是原文沒說的;A沒說;D說反了，應(yīng)該是增加
8.注意 句子 中的seem和in fact，seem叫做看上去，也就是事實(shí)很可能不是這樣，后面的in fact叫做事實(shí)上，也就是說前面說的很可能不是事實(shí)，兩者呼應(yīng)，都說明兩句話之間的關(guān)系是轉(zhuǎn)折，所以while正確
9.先看本句，現(xiàn)代人認(rèn)為希臘的pots上的design只是裝飾，沒有實(shí)際意義，但事實(shí)上是有意義的，中國(guó)的pots也這樣，所以B正確。A錯(cuò)，不是pots decorative，而是design;C說反，D沒說方式，所以how錯(cuò)
10.問下面哪個(gè)是design的替代意義，倒數(shù)第二句整個(gè)都在說pots上design的意義，提到了emperor和empress，皇帝和皇后，所以A的Chinese rulers正確，統(tǒng)治者;其他都沒說
11.問題中關(guān)鍵詞不明顯，排除法。A的ordinarycitizens和aristocrat原文沒說;B的foreign influence做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句的European，說直到引入歐洲theme之后中國(guó)原有的裝飾的意思才被obscure，對(duì)應(yīng)B，沒有foreign influence那些意思不會(huì)改變，正確;C沒說;D反了，應(yīng)該是ancient更熟悉
12.these往前找，找主語。注意從句子一開始到exist之前都是句子的主語，但of之前的東西是整個(gè)句子的核心，所以答案是description，對(duì)于什么什么的描述，描述才是核心，不是types of ware
13.兩個(gè)過渡點(diǎn)，名詞foreign trade和coloring。foreigntrade對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四句的from Middle East Chinese acquired blabla和倒數(shù)第二句的tradingactivities，所以B/C/D都有可能;coloring證明B或者C正確。按照正常邏輯，應(yīng)該先總括，說外貿(mào)也使染色技術(shù)發(fā)生變化，接著再說怎么變的，所以B正確，C錯(cuò)誤
14.The Chinese選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)第二段第二句，正確
The shape選項(xiàng)原文沒說，不選
As選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四段第一句，正確
Chinese選項(xiàng)原文沒說，不選
Before選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第五段最后一句，正確
Ceramics選項(xiàng)MS對(duì)應(yīng)原文最后一段，但最后一段沒說imperial陶瓷是用于both情況的，也不選
托福閱讀譯文
【1】盡管中國(guó)曾飽受入侵，偶爾喪失主權(quán)受制于外國(guó)，她仍然擁有世界上最源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)的文明。像中國(guó)一個(gè)擁有悠久文明的大國(guó)，而陶瓷在其復(fù)雜的社會(huì)歷史以及視覺歷史中扮演了極為重要的角色。
【2】在中國(guó)，每一個(gè)朝代陶瓷的功能和地位都是不同的，所以，根據(jù)它們的質(zhì)量和制作年代的不同，可以是實(shí)用器物、陪葬品、貿(mào)易 收藏 品，甚至是禮器。對(duì)于容器、瓦片等建筑材料、模仿的物體或人物，陶瓷廣義上被分為3大類：陶器、炻器和瓷器。另外，瓷器中還有很重要的一類就是宗教用途的雕塑，它們多數(shù)是陶質(zhì)的。
【3】盡管最早的陶瓷是在制陶的溫度下燒制的，但是早在公元前15世紀(jì)，就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了上釉的高溫炻器。六朝時(shí)期(公元265-589年)，中國(guó)北方就有窯爐在燒制優(yōu)質(zhì)的高溫瓷器。從7世紀(jì)到10世紀(jì)，河北以及河南省產(chǎn)的白瓷逐漸演變成為享有盛名的宋瓷(公元960-1279年)——長(zhǎng)久以來被認(rèn)為是中國(guó)陶瓷業(yè)歷史中的巔峰時(shí)期之一。宗教雕塑的傳統(tǒng)在大部分歷史時(shí)期中都有延續(xù)，但是沒有炻器和瓷器質(zhì)地的雕塑描繪的那么清晰，有一種古老的習(xí)俗，就是將刻著新的宗教形象和建筑裝飾的陶器作為陪葬品。瓷制品還包括漢朝的鉛釉隨葬陶俑，唐朝的三彩鉛釉器皿和人物，明朝的以泥釉凸紋展現(xiàn)輪廓的三彩寺廟裝飾物以及很多用來仿制貴重器皿的陪葬瓷器。
【4】西方國(guó)家和繁榮穩(wěn)定的歷代中國(guó)朝代之間的貿(mào)易促使雙方互相引入了新的形式和不同的技術(shù)。有一個(gè)意義最為深遠(yuǎn)的例子，公元9世紀(jì)精美中國(guó)瓷器出口到阿拉伯世界，帶來巨大的影響。阿拉伯人對(duì)這些瓷器贊不絕口，于是他們鼓勵(lì)制陶來仿制瓷器，并激勵(lì)人們研究制作方法。中國(guó)人從中東獲得了一種藍(lán)色顏料——一種純化的氧化鈷，當(dāng)時(shí)在中國(guó)并未出現(xiàn)，其中只含有少量的錳。中國(guó)境內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的鈷礦石含有大量的會(huì)產(chǎn)生暗藍(lán)灰色的錳元素。17世紀(jì)，大量中國(guó)裝飾類瓷器通過荷蘭東印度公司的交易活動(dòng)流入歐洲，這刺激和影響了廣泛多樣的瓷器的生產(chǎn)，特別是代爾夫特 。中國(guó)人自己改良了很多種來自西方的特殊器皿，比如長(zhǎng)嘴的瓶子，并專門為歐洲市場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)了一系列裝飾性圖案。
【5】就像希臘的陶器上所繪的圖案，今天看來也許純粹是為了裝飾，然而事實(shí)上在當(dāng)時(shí)它們都是人們精心燒制而成的，它們的意義在當(dāng)時(shí)非常明確，中國(guó)的瓷器也是如此。以20世紀(jì)的眼光來看，中國(guó)制造的陶瓷也許僅僅是裝飾品，但是對(duì)于中國(guó)人來說每個(gè)物件的形狀及它的裝飾都有寓意非凡，影響深遠(yuǎn)。龍代表皇帝，鳳代表皇后;石榴意味著多子，雙魚意味著幸福;鴛鴦寓意著婚姻幸福美滿;松樹、桃樹以及鶴都是長(zhǎng)壽的象征;魚躍出水面意味著科舉考試會(huì)高中。但是歐洲的裝飾主題被引進(jìn)后，這些寓意就變得不再那么流行甚至丟失了。
【6】陶瓷器皿在很早期就已用于宗教和日常生活中。朝廷分派了制作工作，并于元朝(公元1279-1368年)在景德鎮(zhèn)設(shè)立了一座官窯。陶瓷器皿在一些宗教儀式上也有著重要的地位。現(xiàn)存的關(guān)于不同類型的陶瓷器具很多長(zhǎng)篇且抒情的描述可以幫助我們對(duì)其進(jìn)行分類，盡管這些描述有時(shí)候會(huì)使得一幅大而復(fù)雜的畫面顯得凌亂。
托福閱讀TPO10(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Chinese Pottery相關(guān) 文章 ：
TPO是我們常用的托福?？脊ぞ?，對(duì)我們的備考很有價(jià)值，下面我給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿xTPO7(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:The Geologic History of the Mediterranean。
托福閱讀原文
In 1970 geologists Kenneth J.Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographicresearch vessel Glomar Challenger.Anobjective of this particular cruise wasto investigate the floor of theMediterranean and to resolve questions aboutits geologic history. One questionwas related to evidence that theinvertebrate fauna (animals without spines) ofthe Mediterranean had changedabruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of theolder organisms were nearlywiped out, although a few hardy species survived. Afew managed to migrate into the Atlantic.Somewhat later, the migrants returned,bringing new species with them. Why didthe near extinction and migrationsoccur?
Another task for the GlomarChallenger’sscientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelikemasses buried deepbeneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had beendetected yearsearlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never beenpenetrated in thecourse of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are commonalong the UnitedStates Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been somuch solidcrystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?
With question such as these clearly beforethem, thescientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterraneantosearch for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. Thesampleconsisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft,deep-seamud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Nota singlepebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came fromthenearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsumwererepeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated theseafloor.Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities ofcomposition andstructure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sedimentabove andbelow the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicatingopen-oceanconditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part oftheMediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline saltfromthe core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of whatappeared tobe windblown silt.
The time had come to formulate ahypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, theMediterranean wasa broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits.Crustal movements closedthe straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began toevaporate. Increasingsalinity caused by the evaporation resulted in theextermination of scores ofinvertebrate species. only a few organisms especiallytolerant of very saltyconditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remainingbrine (salt water)became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layerwas precipitated. Inthe central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brineevaporated toprecipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under theweight ofoverlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form saltdomes.Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000metersdeep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result ofcrustaladjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where theMediterranean nowconnects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascadedspectacularly back intothe Mediterranean.Turbulent waters tore into thehardened salt flats, brokethem up, and ground them into the pebbles observed inthe first sample taken bythe Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normalmarine organisms returned.Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate abovethe old hard layer.
Thesalt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusualgravel provided abundantevidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.
托福閱讀試題
1.The word “objective”in the passage(paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to
A.achievement
B.requirement
C.purpose
D.feature
2.Which of the following is NOT mentionedin paragraph 1 as a change thatoccurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?
A.Most invertebrate species disappearedduring a wave of extinctions.
B.A few hardy species wiped out many of theMediterranean’s invertebrates.
C.Some invertebrates migrated to AtlanticOcean.
D.New species of fauna populated theMediterranean when the old migrants returned.
3.1.Whatdoes the author imply by saying“Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the
pebbles came from the nearby continent”?(paragraph 3)
A.The most obvious explanation for theorigin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.
B.The geologists did not find as manypebbles as they expected.
C.The geologists were looking for aparticular kind of pebble.
D.The different pebbles could not have comefrom only one source.
4.Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 3 about the solidgypsum layer?
A.It did not contain any marine fossil.
B.It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
C.It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
D.It contained sediment from nearbydeserts.
5.Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph3 that identify materialsdiscovered in the deepest part of the Mediterraneanbasin. To receive credityou must select TWO answers.
A.Volcanic rock fragments
B.Thin silt layers
C.Soft, deep-sea mud
D.Crystalline salt
6.What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?
A.To describe the physical evidencecollected by Hsu and Ryan
B.To explain why some of the questionsposed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of theGlomar Challenger
C.To evaluate techniques used by Hsu andRyan to explore the sea floor
D.To describe the most difficult problemsfaced by the Glomar Challenger expedition
7.According to paragraph 4, which of thefollowing was responsible for theevaporation of the Mediterranean’s waters?
A.The movements of Earth’s crust
B.The accumulation of sediment layers
C.Changes in the water level of theAtlantic Ocean
D.Changes in Earth’s temperature
8.The word “scores”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to
A.members
B.large numbers
C.populations
D.different types
9.According to paragraph 4, what causedmost invertebrate species in theMediterranean to become extinct?
A.The evaporation of chemicals necessaryfor their survival
B.Crustal movements that connected theMediterranean to the saltier Atlantic
C.The migration of new species through thenarrow straits
D.Their inability to tolerate theincreasing salt content of the Mediterranean
10.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage(paragraph 4) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout essential information.
A.The strait of Gibraltar reopened when theMediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water fromone sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.
B.The Mediterranean was dramaticallyrefilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faultingopened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.
C.The cascades of water from the Atlanticto the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments andfaulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to thoseseas.
D.As a result of crustal adjustments andfaulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic andMediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascadesof water between them.
11.The word “Turbulent”in the passage(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to
A.Fresh
B.Deep
C.Violent
D.Temperate
12. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Thus,scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about theirchemical composition and origin.
■【A】Another task for theGlomar Challenger’s scientists was totry to determine the origin of thedomelike masses buried deep beneath theMediterranean seafloor. ■【B】These structures had been detected years earlierby echo-soundinginstruments, but they had never been penetrated in the courseof drilling. ■【C】Were theysalt domes such as are common alongthe United States Gulf Coast, and if so, whyshould there have been so muchsolid crystalline salt beneath the floor of theMediterranean? ■[D】
Where would the sentence best fit?
13. Direction: An introductory sentence fora brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.
An expedition to the Mediterranean answeredsome long-standing questionsabout the ocean’s history.
A.The Glomar Challenger expeditioninvestigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.
B.Researchers collected fossils todetermine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.
C.Scientists aboard the Glomar Challengerwere the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath theseafloor.
D.Samples recovered from the expeditionrevealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distributionamong the sediment layers.
E.Evidence collected by the GlomarChallenger supports geologists' beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporatedand become a desert, before it refilled with water.
F.Mediterraneansalt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between theMediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.
托福 閱讀答案
1.C
2.文第四句話說到“Most of theolder organisms were nearly wiped out(大部分更加古老的生物都幾乎滅絕了)”對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)A;第五句說到“A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic(一些物種成功地遷移到了大西洋)”，對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)C;第六句說到“the migrants returned, bringing new species with them(這些物種又回到了地中海，并帶回新的物種)”，對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)D。第一段中沒有提到B 選項(xiàng)，故答案是B選項(xiàng)。
3.推理題考察的是文中沒有明確說到的內(nèi)容，需要經(jīng)過推理。選項(xiàng)B、C、D在文中均沒有任何線索體現(xiàn)。對(duì)于選項(xiàng)A，如果我們?cè)陂喿x 文章 時(shí)，能夠比較好的關(guān)注上下文，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)：在原文之中第二段，文中提及“它們是像美國(guó)海灣海岸一帶的含鹽圓頂狀巨塊" ---美國(guó)海灣的東西怎么會(huì)突然出現(xiàn)在了地中海區(qū)域?于是對(duì)于這些地中海的大巨塊，最簡(jiǎn)單的解釋是他們來自美洲灣。既然第二段提出了問題，第三段做出相應(yīng)的回答，因此第三段的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該與第二段的問題是有聯(lián)系的，支持或者反對(duì)。而現(xiàn)在的這句話(“在被發(fā)現(xiàn)的樣品中，沒有一個(gè)表明這些細(xì)礫來自于鄰近的大陸”)，當(dāng)然打破了這個(gè)最為明顯的可能解釋---關(guān)于巨大的塊兒起源的解釋。
4.A
5.BD
6.A
7.A
8.原文該單詞所在 句子 為:"Increasingsalinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores ofinvertebrate species." 可以理解為: "由蒸發(fā)引起的越來越高的鹽度造成無脊椎動(dòng)物種類的滅絕。"
Score是得分的意思，在球類比賽中經(jīng)常可以聽到，可以根據(jù)the extermination of scores of invertebrate species這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)判斷出scores表示數(shù)量的意思，對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)B(這個(gè)還是記住吧)
9.D
10.B
11.C
12.C
13.選項(xiàng)A是正確的，是第一二段的內(nèi)容
選項(xiàng)B是錯(cuò)誤的，是文章未提及的內(nèi)容
選項(xiàng)C是錯(cuò)位的，與第二段第二句內(nèi)容相反
選項(xiàng)D是正確的，是第四段的內(nèi)容
選項(xiàng)E是正確的，是文章最后一段的內(nèi)容
選項(xiàng)F是錯(cuò)誤的，與第四段內(nèi)容不符，是地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)和斷層作用打開了地中海和大西洋之間的海峽，并非鹽穹(應(yīng)該說domes在此之前就形成了)
托福閱讀原文
【1】1970年，地理學(xué)家Kenneth J. Hsu 和 William B.F. Ryan在海洋調(diào)查船Glomar Challenger號(hào)上收集調(diào)研資料。這次特別巡航的一個(gè)目的是調(diào)查地中海的地層以及解決關(guān)于其地質(zhì)歷史的問題。其中一個(gè)問題是有關(guān)地中海地區(qū)無脊椎動(dòng)物(沒有脊椎的動(dòng)物)于600萬年前發(fā)生劇變的證據(jù)。大部分更加古老的生物都幾乎滅絕了，盡管一些頑強(qiáng)的種類得以生存。很少的一些動(dòng)物成功地遷移到了大西洋。不久后，這些動(dòng)物又回來了，并帶回來新的物種。為什么這次較近的動(dòng)物滅絕和遷移會(huì)發(fā)生呢?
【2】Glomar Challenger號(hào)上科學(xué)家們的另一個(gè)任務(wù)是嘗試去確定深埋在地中海海底穹頂狀巨塊的起源。這些結(jié)構(gòu)在早些年被回聲探測(cè)器探測(cè)過，但是它們從未被鉆探過。它們是像美國(guó)墨西哥海灣海岸一帶的含鹽穹頂狀巨塊嗎?如果是的話，為什么在地中海海底之下會(huì)有這么多固體的結(jié)晶鹽呢?
【3】帶著這些清楚擺在他們面前的問題，科學(xué)家們登上Glomar Challenger號(hào)前往地中海尋找答案。1970年8月23日，他們找到了一個(gè)樣本。這個(gè)樣本由石膏塊和火山巖碎塊組成。周圍沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)一塊能說明這些小石頭來自附近的大陸。接下來的日子里，隨著海底巖層鉆探實(shí)驗(yàn)的進(jìn)行，固體石膏樣本被不斷地放在甲板上。而且，這些膏狀物的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)特性表明它們形成于沙漠。在石膏層上下的沉積物中包含了微小的海洋生物化石，說明了這是開放性的海洋環(huán)境。當(dāng)鉆到地中海盆地中心的最深處時(shí)，科學(xué)家們從鉆管中獲得了堅(jiān)實(shí)的、光亮的結(jié)晶鹽。跟結(jié)晶鹽嵌在一起的薄層像是被風(fēng)吹起的泥沙層。
【4】時(shí)間闡明了一個(gè)假設(shè)。調(diào)查者們構(gòu)思了這樣的理論：大約2 000萬年前，地中海是一條寬闊的航道，它通過兩條狹窄的海峽與大西洋連接。地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)封閉了海峽，被陸地包圍的地中海也開始蒸發(fā)。由蒸發(fā)引起的越來越高的鹽度造成無脊椎動(dòng)物種類的滅絕。只有一些能抵抗高鹽度條件的物種保留下來。隨著蒸發(fā)的繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，鹽水濃度太高以致硬地層的硫酸鈣發(fā)生沉淀。在盆地的中間深處，剩余鹽水的持續(xù)蒸發(fā)形成更多的可溶的氯化鈉(鹽)。后來，在上層沉淀物的重壓下，鹽向上形成了含鹽的圓頂。然而在這之前，地中海是一個(gè)3 000米深的大沙漠。然后，550萬年前發(fā)生了洪水。作為地殼調(diào)整和斷層作用的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在連接地中海和大西洋的直布羅陀海峽打開了，水流像瀑布一樣壯觀地涌回地中海。湍急的水流沖擊并摧毀了堅(jiān)硬的含鹽層，把它們磨成了Challenger號(hào)獲得的第一份樣本中人們所觀察到的鵝卵石。隨著盆地的填充，普通的海洋生物又回來了。不久后海洋軟泥層開始在原先的硬地層上堆積。
【5】鹽、石膏、動(dòng)物區(qū)系的變更，還有不尋常的沙礫層都為地中海曾經(jīng)是片沙漠的理論提供了充分的證據(jù)。
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