開(kāi)頭段
萬(wàn)事開(kāi)頭難，作文如何開(kāi)頭難倒不少英雄好漢。我在平時(shí)教學(xué)中也經(jīng)常碰到學(xué)生開(kāi)頭段有的草草了事，有的長(zhǎng)篇大論，其實(shí)歸根結(jié)底就是沒(méi)有掌握正確的方法。經(jīng)過(guò)分析市面上所有的高分范文，我發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的高分開(kāi)頭都一個(gè)共性，它們總能準(zhǔn)確地把握住評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中要求的四個(gè)得分點(diǎn)：
話題背景：簡(jiǎn)單闡述話題發(fā)生的背景情況，非必要
文章主旨：說(shuō)明文章的討論對(duì)象和作者的寫(xiě)作目的，必要
行文技巧：總結(jié)挑選出來(lái)的值得分析的寫(xiě)作技巧，必要
目標(biāo)受眾：指出這篇文章的目標(biāo)受眾或聽(tīng)眾，非必要
接下來(lái)我們針對(duì)Foreign News at a Crisis Point”這篇文章看一下4分到1分的文章開(kāi)頭：
[4分開(kāi)頭]
Media presentation from across the globe is vital to the upkeep and maintenance of our society. How this information is obtained and presented, if presented at all, is a different story. Goodman, in Foreign News at a Crisis Point”, describes the dramatic declining of foreign news coverage in America. He builds an argument to persuade his audience that American news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign reporting through the presentation of statistics, connections to social media as well as using specific diction to establish his argument. His primary audience would be the American public in general.
[4分開(kāi)頭]Media presentation from across the globe is vital to the upkeep and maintenance of our society. How this information is obtained and presented, if presented at all, is a different story.（背景句）Goodman, in Foreign News at a Crisis Point”, describes the dramatic declining of foreign news coverage in America. He builds an argument to persuade his audience that American news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign reporting（主旨句）through the presentation of statistics, connections to social media as well as using specific diction to establish his argument.（技巧句）His primary audience would be the American public in general. （目標(biāo)受眾）
[3分開(kāi)頭]
Over the years what is going on in the outside world has started to affect us more. Whether it is a war that is going to effect us physically or even an oil disaster that will effect us economically. However, this news is not always covered. The U.S. news focuses more on what is going on in our own country than outside of it we are not well informed to the world around us. Peter S. Goodman uses many different types of evidence to support his claims and persuade his audience that news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign news coverage provided to Americans.
得分點(diǎn)分析：
[3分開(kāi)頭]Over the years what is going on in the outside world has started to affect us more. Whether it is a war that is going to effect us physically or even an oil disaster that will effect us economically. However, this news is not always covered. The U.S. news focuses more on what is going on in our own country than outside of it we are not well informed to the world around us.（背景句） Peter S. Goodman uses many different types of evidence （技巧句）to support his claims and persuade his audience that news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign news coverage provided to Americans.（主旨句）
問(wèn)題：背景句過(guò)于羅嗦，技巧句模糊，主旨句不夠全面
[3分開(kāi)頭]
Peter Goodman’s purpose in writing Foreign News at a Crisis Point” was to persuade his audience that news should include more information about the world as a whole. Goodman’s argument becomes powerful through the use of pathos, using evidence, and also embracing reasoning.
[3分開(kāi)頭]Peter Goodman’s purpose in writing Foreign News at a Crisis Point” was to persuade his audience that news should include more information about the world as a whole. （主旨句） Goodman’s argument becomes powerful through the use of pathos, using evidence, and also embracing reasoning. （技巧句）
問(wèn)題：主旨句不夠全面
[2分開(kāi)頭]
In the article Foreign News At a Crisis Point”, Peter S. Goodman argues that the news organizations should increase the amount of foreign news coverage offered to the Americans
[2分開(kāi)頭]
In the article Foreign News At a Crisis Point”, Peter S. Goodman argues that the news organizations should increase the amount of foreign news coverage offered to the Americans
問(wèn)題：主旨句不全面，缺乏技巧句
[1分開(kāi)頭]
In the Article, Foreign News at a Crisis Point” by Peter S. Goodman byTheHuffingtonPost.com, the author builds up an argument to persuade his audience. He provided information about American Journalism Review to let people in the community know how it started.
[1分開(kāi)頭]In the Article, Foreign News at a Crisis Point” by Peter S. Goodman byTheHuffingtonPost.com, the author builds up an argument to persuade his audience. He provided information about American Journalism Review to let people in the community know how it started.
問(wèn)題：主旨句模糊不清，技巧句缺失
接下來(lái)我手把手教大家一步一步寫(xiě)好開(kāi)頭段。
1: 如何寫(xiě)背景句？
背景句的寫(xiě)法非常多樣，比如名人名言法，鉤子法，社會(huì)現(xiàn)象法，大家可以參照托福寫(xiě)作開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)法靈活選擇。背景句要做到第一時(shí)間吸引讀者，順利過(guò)渡到主旨句，切忌長(zhǎng)篇累牘，嘩眾取寵。背景句不是必要成分，不寫(xiě)也不會(huì)影響大家的文章最終得分。
2: 如何寫(xiě)文章主旨句？
我建議大家寫(xiě)主旨句掌握 WOSP原則：W即Writer，作者的名字；O即Occasion，文章的標(biāo)題；S即Subject，文章的討論或者描述對(duì)象；P即Purpose，作者的寫(xiě)作目的。大家可以參照以下模板句進(jìn)行套路練習(xí)：
Writer：（Writer’s credentials, if any作者的身份，如果有的話就寫(xiě)，比如美國(guó)前總統(tǒng)）+ (Writer’s first and last name 作者的姓名)
Occasion: in his/her (title of the text文章的標(biāo)題)
Subject:describes/narrates/lists/analyzes/defines/establishes/expresses/recounts+(Writer’s subject文章的討論或者描述對(duì)象)
Purpose: (Writer’s last name作者的姓)’s purpose is to (what the writer does in the text作者的寫(xiě)作目的).
Writer:Peter Goodman
Occasion:in his Foreign News at a Crisis Point,”
Subject:describes the dramatic declining of foreign news coverage in America.
Purpose:Goodman’s purpose is to persuade his audience that American news organizations should increase the number of professional foreign reporters.
合起來(lái)：
Peter Goodman, in his Foreign News at a Crisis Point,” describes the dramatic declining of foreign news coverage in America. Goodman’s purpose is to persuade his audience that American news organizations should increase the number of professional foreign reporters.
主旨句常用詞匯和句型：
1. 使用”系列詞匯
use/utilize/employ/resort to/refer to/make an effective use of v.使用
The author makes an effective uses of statistics, connections to social media as well as using specific diction to establish his argument.
2. 說(shuō)服”系列詞匯
persuade/convince v. 說(shuō)服，勸服
(1) persuade/convince sb to do sth
By using anecdote, the author tries to persuade/convince the readers to believe that American news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign reporting.
(2) persuade/convince sb of sth
By using anecdote, the author tries to persuade/convince the readers of the urgency for American news organizations to increase the amount of professional foreign reporting.
(3) persuade/convince sb that
By using anecdote, the author tries to persuade/convince the readers that American news organizations should increase the amount of professional foreign reporting.
3. 表達(dá)”系列詞匯
build/give/deliver/construct/establish/convey v. 傳達(dá)，表達(dá)
The author adeptly constructs his argument by using hard facts, logic reasoning and various types of persuasive elements.
小竅門(mén)：在寫(xiě)文章主旨的時(shí)候建議參考文末prompt，會(huì)有意想不到的驚喜。
3:如何寫(xiě)行文技巧句？
行文技巧句建議大家用最簡(jiǎn)單直白的語(yǔ)句，大家可以參照以下模板句進(jìn)行套路練習(xí)：
He/She effectively conveys this argument by using (skill 1), (skill 2) and (skill 3).
示范：
She effectively conveys this argument by using example, cause-and-effect reasoning, and specific diction.
4: 如何寫(xiě)目標(biāo)受眾句
大家可以通過(guò)文章標(biāo)題和出處鎖定粗略鎖定文章的目標(biāo)受眾。新SAT寫(xiě)作文章大部分摘自美國(guó)主流報(bào)刊雜志，因此手中通常是美國(guó)大眾。但也不排除會(huì)有特殊情況，大家還要結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容具體分析。目標(biāo)受眾句非必要成分，大家可以參照以下模板句進(jìn)行套路練習(xí)：
His/Her primary audience would be…
示范：
His primary audience would be the American public in general.
當(dāng)大家熟練掌握開(kāi)頭段得分點(diǎn)以及基本套路后可以根據(jù)個(gè)人偏好進(jìn)行個(gè)性化修改。字?jǐn)?shù)大概控制在40字到100字之間。時(shí)間控制在3分鐘內(nèi)。
對(duì)于有一定語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)的考生，如能合理安排準(zhǔn)備策略，達(dá)到大多數(shù)專(zhuān)業(yè)要求的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并非難事。當(dāng)然，如果有需要，選擇SAT課程也是節(jié)約備考時(shí)間、快速提分的理想選擇。老師整理了附近SAT培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的最新課程安排、師資情況、費(fèi)用明細(xì)，歡迎咨詢(xún)預(yù)約試聽(tīng)
