發(fā)布時(shí)間: 2025年04月18日 10:04
托福聽力題目主要包括八種類型,分別是:預(yù)測(cè)題、推理題、重聽題、是非判斷題,主旨題、細(xì)節(jié)題、結(jié)構(gòu)題、態(tài)度題。今天小編就給大家介紹下托福聽力八大題型。
題型1:預(yù)測(cè)題
預(yù)測(cè)題是對(duì)長(zhǎng)對(duì)話或講座結(jié)束后將會(huì)發(fā)生何種事情的猜測(cè)的考查。這種沒有一個(gè)鮮明特征,就是在題干中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)will這個(gè)表示將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的助動(dòng)詞。預(yù)測(cè)題常見的提問方式有以下幾種:
What will the man do after the conversation?
What will the student include in his assignment?
What kind of assignment will the professor give?
考生在解答預(yù)測(cè)題時(shí)首先要注意,預(yù)測(cè)題有一個(gè)十分常見的情況,就是它的答案一般都出現(xiàn)在一篇錄音材料的結(jié)尾。同時(shí),預(yù)測(cè)題的答案在出現(xiàn)時(shí)一般都是由講話人使用一個(gè)提出建議的句子來(lái)給出。因此,考生只要在文章結(jié)尾聽到提出建議的句子,一定要將其中所提出的建議記下來(lái),這往往就是預(yù)測(cè)題的答案。
表示建議的常見句型:
How about…
What about…
Why not…
Why don’t you…
Would you mind…
Would you please…
I have a suggestion for you.
You need to…
You should…
You’d better…
題型2:推理題
推理題是讓考生根據(jù)所聽內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推理從而選出答案的題型。常見的提問方式包括:
What does the woman imply about the new medical research?
What can we infer from the professor’s comment on the New England system?
在做題時(shí),考生首先需要仔細(xì)讀清楚選項(xiàng)。因?yàn)橥评眍}的答案一般不會(huì)在錄音材料中給出,而是需要考生對(duì)材料內(nèi)容進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步引申,得出更深層次的內(nèi)容。
所以,考生往往只有在讀完選項(xiàng)之后才能知道答案對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)容。同時(shí),推理題雖然考查的是錄音材料的細(xì)節(jié)之處,但是其考查內(nèi)容還是圍繞著全文主題展開的。因此在做題時(shí),考生如果實(shí)在不知道選哪一個(gè),那么就可以去選和全文主題最接近的選項(xiàng),這樣的選項(xiàng)大多數(shù)都是正確的。
題型3:重聽題
重聽題是托福聽力題目中一種非常特殊的題型。在這種題目中,講述人會(huì)把錄音材料中的一小部分內(nèi)容重新讀一遍,然后讓考生根據(jù)這段重新聽到的內(nèi)容找出符合要求的選項(xiàng)。在考試中,每道重聽題中都會(huì)給出一個(gè)耳機(jī)的圖標(biāo)。其常見的提問方式為:
Listen again to part of the lecture, then answer the question.
What does the professor mean when she says this?
重聽題的解題思路比較多樣化。有些題目考查所重復(fù)段落的含義,有些題目考查段落中某個(gè)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的含義??忌鶕?jù)自己所聽到的內(nèi)容,辨別出題人想考查的到底是哪方面的內(nèi)容。
另外,有些重聽題中雖然重復(fù)了一部分文章內(nèi)容,但是必須結(jié)合重復(fù)的內(nèi)容在錄音材料中的上下文去推理才能得出答案。所以考試在做題時(shí)要保持清醒的頭腦,如果發(fā)觀從重復(fù)的內(nèi)容中找不到答案,就要立刻回憶,從上下文中去尋找正確答案。
題型4:是非判斷題
是非判斷題也是托福考試改革后出現(xiàn)的較為新穎的題型,一般是列出很多與錄音材料中所提及的內(nèi)容較為相似的句子,讓考生辨別究竟哪些是錄音材料中提到的。以下例題是其常見的出題方式:
The professor discusses how an animal becomes a fossil after its death.
Indicate whether each sentence below is a step in the process.
YES/NO
The animal dies.
The hard tissues decompose.
The soft tissues decompose.
The hard tissues remain.
是非判斷題多數(shù)情況下與細(xì)節(jié)題考查的內(nèi)容有類似之處,需要考生多關(guān)注錄音材料中的細(xì)節(jié)之處。是非判斷題的YES和NO的答案?jìng)€(gè)數(shù)并不是平均分配的,但一般不會(huì)出現(xiàn)所有答案全是YES或者NO的情況,考生可以利用這一點(diǎn),在做題時(shí)判斷自己的選項(xiàng)是否選得合適。
題型5:主旨題
主旨題是以錄音材料的主旨大意作為考查內(nèi)容的一種題型。主旨題的考查頻率非常高,幾乎每篇托福聽力的錄音材料都會(huì)考一道主旨題,有的錄音材料甚至?xí)純傻?。主旨題常見的提問方式有以下幾種:
What is the main idea of this lecture?
What are the two speakers talking about?
Why does the student go to see his professor?
主旨題雖然考查頻率高,但是相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)解題難度并不大。大多數(shù)托福聽力錄音材料的主題都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在開頭的1-2分鐘內(nèi),有時(shí)主題的關(guān)鍵詞或是關(guān)鍵詞組在錄音中還會(huì)被反復(fù)提及??忌灰プ′浺糸_頭的內(nèi)容,就能夠解決大多數(shù)的托福聽力主旨題。除此之外,解答某些主旨題必須將錄音材料各段的主題加以歸納,才能夠得出全文的主旨。只要考生聽懂了每段話的開頭幾句,這些題目一般解題難度也不會(huì)很大。
題型6:細(xì)節(jié)題
細(xì)節(jié)題,顧名思義,就是考查錄音材料中細(xì)節(jié)信息的題型。這是在托福聽力所有題型中考查頻率最高的一種題型,每篇錄音材料平均都會(huì)考查3-4道題。這種題目考查的具體內(nèi)容非?,嵥?,時(shí)間、數(shù)字、回答的內(nèi)容、列舉的內(nèi)容都能成為細(xì)節(jié)題的考查對(duì)象。要想做好細(xì)節(jié)題,考生需要對(duì)說(shuō)話人提到的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、物品名稱等多加留意。細(xì)節(jié)題常見的提問方式有以下幾種:
When will the woman go to the lab?
What does the word “anthropologist" mean? According to the passage, what is
the most significant event in 2.000 B.C.?
Why does the critic dislike the ancient style of sculpture?
題型7:結(jié)構(gòu)題
結(jié)構(gòu)題是以錄音材料的行文結(jié)構(gòu)、展開順序作為考查內(nèi)容的題型,常見的提問方式有以下幾種:
What is the organization of this passage?
How is the lecture organized?
What method does the professor use to develop his idea?
在實(shí)際考試中,結(jié)構(gòu)題考得并不多,但是解答起來(lái)卻令很多考生感覺頭疼。因?yàn)槿魏我黄浺舨牧隙疾粫?huì)主動(dòng)講出“本文是一種怎樣的結(jié)構(gòu)”,因此想從講述人所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容中直接找到答案是很困難的。那么想解答這種題目,考生就需要在復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)熟練掌握托福聽力的錄音材料有哪幾種常見結(jié)構(gòu),每種結(jié)構(gòu)有什么特征。只有這樣,在做題的時(shí)候才能夠做到有針對(duì)性地聽題。
題型8:態(tài)度題
態(tài)度題是考查說(shuō)話人對(duì)某話題所持的態(tài)度的題型。這種題型考查的范圍比較廣泛,有些題目考查說(shuō)話人對(duì)某人的態(tài)度,有些則考查說(shuō)話人對(duì)某事件的態(tài)度,還有的題目會(huì)考查說(shuō)話人對(duì)某觀點(diǎn)的態(tài)度。態(tài)度題常見的提問方式如下:
What is the professor’s attitude toward the expe rt on the television
programme?
在解態(tài)度題時(shí),講話人的語(yǔ)氣和語(yǔ)調(diào)是一個(gè)非常重要的解題因素。在錄音中,如果說(shuō)話人突然出現(xiàn)聲音變大、語(yǔ)調(diào)降低或者說(shuō)話重復(fù)、結(jié)巴等現(xiàn)象,往往都從側(cè)面表明了其對(duì)某一事物所持的態(tài)度??忌诼牭竭@樣的句子時(shí)一定要加以辨識(shí)。
一、表格題分為兩大類:總結(jié)表格題和對(duì)比表格題。
1、總結(jié)表格題
相對(duì)而言,總結(jié)表格題的出現(xiàn)頻率要高于對(duì)比表格題,這是由它們自身特點(diǎn),出題方式和原文是否具備對(duì)比對(duì)照關(guān)系這三方面的因素決定的。
2、題的出題模式有兩種:
一種是針對(duì)全文內(nèi)容出題,答案由全文的主題,細(xì)節(jié)和重點(diǎn)支持段落的概述三部分組成。另外一種是針對(duì)文章中的重點(diǎn)支持性段落出題,答案由這些重點(diǎn)支持性段落主題,段落結(jié)論,以及重點(diǎn)支持性例子的概述三部分組成。這里我們重點(diǎn)看第一種出題模式。
我們來(lái)看一個(gè)例子,
The Atlantic Cod Fishery
Off the northeastern shore of North America, from the island of
Newfoundland in Canada south to new England in the United States, there
is a series of shallow areas called banks. Several large banks off
Newfoundland are together called Grand Banks, huge shoals on the edge of
North American continental shelf, where the warm waters of the Gulf
Stream meet the cold waters of Labrador Current. As the currents brush
each other, they stir up mineral from the ocean floor, providing
nutrients for plankton and tiny shrimp-like creatures called krill,
which feed on the plankton. Herring and other small fish rise to the
surface to eat the krill. Groundfish, such as the Atlantic cod, live in
the ocean’s bottom layer, congregating in the shallow waters where they
prey on krill and small fish. This rich environment has produced cod by
the millions and once had a greater density of cod than anywhere else on
Earth。
Beginning in the eleventh century, boats from the ports
of north western Europe arrived to fish the Grand Banks. For the next
eight centuries, the entire Newfoundland economy taking fish back to
European markets. Cod laid out to dry on wooden “flakes” was a common
sight in the fishing villages dotting the coast. Settlers in the region
used to think the only sea creature worth talking about was cod, and in
the local speech the word “fish” became synonymous with cod.
Newfoundland’s national dish was a pudding whose main ingredient was
cod。
By the nineteenth century, the Newfoundland fishery was
largely controlled by merchants based in the capital at St. John’s. They
marketed the catch supplied by the fishers working out of more than 600
villages around the long coastline. In return, the merchants provided
fishing equipment, clothing, and all the food that could not be grown in
the island’s thin, rocky soil. This system kept the fishers in a
continuous state of debt and dependence on the merchants。
Until
the twentieth century, fishers believed in the cod’s ability to
replenish itself and thought that overfishing was impossible. However,
Newfoundland’s cod fishery began to show signs of trouble during the
1930s, when cod failed to support the fishers and thousands were
unemployed. The slump lasted for the next few decades. Then when an
international agreement decided to build up the modern Grand Banks fleet
and make fishing a viable economic base for Newfoundland again. All of
Newfoundland’s seafood companies were merged into one conglomerate. By
the 1980s, the conglomerate was prospering, and cod were commanding
excellent prices in the market. Consequently, there was a significant
increase in the number of fishers and fish—processing plant workers。
However, while the offshore fishery was prospering, the inshore
fishermen found their catches dropping off. In 1992, the Canadian
government responded by closing the Grand Banks to groundfishing.
Newfoundland’s cod fishing and processing industries were shut down in a
bid to let the vanishing stocks recover. The moratorium was extended in
1994, when all of the Atlantic cod fisheries in Canada were closed,
except for one in Nova Scotia, and strict quotas were placed on other
species of groundfish. Canada’s cod fishing industry collapsed, and
around 40,000 fishers and other industry workers were put out of work。
Atlantic cod stocks had once been so plentiful that early explorers
joked about walking on the backs of the teeming fish. Today, cod stocks
are at historically low levels and show no signs of imminent recovery,
even after drastic conservation measures and severely limited fishing.
Fishermen often blame the diminishing stocks on seals, which prey on cod
and other species, but scientists believe that decades of overfishing
are to blame. Studies on fish populations have shown that cod
disappeared from Newfoundland at the same time that stocks started
rebuilding in Norway, raising the possibility that the cod had migrated.
Still, no one can predict whether and when the cod will return to the
Grand Banks. ]
An introductory sentence for a brief summary of
the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the
THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas that are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This
question is worth 2 points
The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped Newfoundland’s economy for centuries。
1、Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell。
2、Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery。
3、The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s
Answer Choices
(1)Atlantic cod stocks were once plentiful in the rich environment around the Grand Banks。
(2)The Atlantic cod is a groundfish that preys on herring and small fish that eat krill。
(3)Cod fishing was so successful that few people considered the possibility of overfishing until fish stocks fell。
(4)The Canadian government tried to diversity Newfoundland’s economy in the 1980s。
(5)Despite severe limits on fishing, cod stocks remain at low levels and show few signs of recovery。
(6)Newfoundland exports millions of dollars worth of crab and other shellfish every year。
解題基本思路:首先確定這個(gè)題目屬于總結(jié)表格題,其主題為The Atlantic cod fishery has shaped
Newfoundland’s economy for
centuries。(鱈魚漁業(yè)帶動(dòng)了紐芬蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展已經(jīng)有好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。)后面三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容都是圍繞這個(gè)論點(diǎn)展開:
因?yàn)闈O業(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)
人們忽略了過度捕殺來(lái)的問題;盡管采取各種限制捕殺政策,鱈魚的庫(kù)存還是不斷減少而其數(shù)量也沒有回升的跡象;加拿大政府從20世紀(jì)80年代開始想辦法來(lái)繁
榮紐芬蘭的經(jīng)濟(jì)。通過對(duì)上面這些句子和主題的分析,我們已經(jīng)可以猜出文章的主要內(nèi)容,人們的過度捕殺導(dǎo)致自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)來(lái)源-鱈魚數(shù)量不斷減少。
根據(jù)這個(gè)理解然后看答案。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,我們知道選項(xiàng) A,C,E與文章的內(nèi)容和題目表格內(nèi)容相符合。其中B內(nèi)容在文章中有,但是不符合,D的內(nèi)容也是正確的,但是與E相比,E更合適,而F 直接排除掉。
3、總結(jié)表格題做題三大步驟:
判斷題目類型(全文型還是段落型)--------------根據(jù)題目類型找主題、細(xì)節(jié)和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正確答案。
4、對(duì)比表格題
對(duì)比表格題都會(huì)有明確的對(duì)比項(xiàng),也就是在文章中幾個(gè)不同事物之間相對(duì)比。
這類型的題目相對(duì)于總結(jié)表格題來(lái)說(shuō)簡(jiǎn)單。只要按照文章題目的要求,返回原文去找和要求意思相近的答案就可以了。其具體解題方法和總結(jié)表格題相同,所以這里就不贅述了。
總之,在托福閱讀題型中,判斷題目類型(總結(jié)表格題和對(duì)比表格題)--------------根據(jù)題目類型找主題、細(xì)節(jié)和支持性段落/事例--------采用排除法找出正確答案是解決這類問題的最佳策略。
托??荚囬喿x技巧一、逆向推斷
這類推斷比較明顯,往往在關(guān)鍵句當(dāng)中有能利用的時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),還有具體的取非詞,找到之后針對(duì)該句的意思取個(gè)反就行。
1.The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of a new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and make lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid –nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin.This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make allow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor.
Which of the following can be inferred from this paragraph about candles before the nineteenth century?
A They did not smoke when they were burned
B They produced a pleasant odor as they burned
C They were not available to all
D They contained sulfuric acid.
這句話根據(jù)candles定位到第一句話,發(fā)現(xiàn)里面有the nineteenth century這個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn),那題干問的是before the nineteenth century的情況,所以果斷取個(gè)反選C
2.This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.
Which of the following can be inferred about canal building?(2)
○ Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.
○ Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.
○ Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.
○ Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.
這道題同樣根據(jù)canal building定位到第一句,在steam locomotive出現(xiàn)之前,cananl building一直是穩(wěn)坐泰山的地位,而題干問現(xiàn)在canal building怎樣,所以取個(gè)反,選B。
托??荚囬喿x技巧二、正向推斷
這類推斷適應(yīng)于題干與原文關(guān)系屬于抽象與具體關(guān)系(整體與部分關(guān)系),往往我們解題時(shí)要找出相應(yīng)句子之間的關(guān)系。
1.Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.
It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations (4)
○On land
○B(yǎng)oth on land and at sea
○In shallow water
○In a marine environment
本題問Basilosaurus在哪里哺育生命,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)原文里沒有直接體現(xiàn)相關(guān)概念的定位句,但是標(biāo)紅句告訴我們Basilosaurus是一個(gè)海洋生物,那試想一下,海洋生物在哪里哺育生命?當(dāng)然在海里了,所以選D。
2.Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.
Which of the following can be inferred about redwood forests?(3)
○They become less stable as they mature.
○They support many species when they reach climax.
○They are found in temperate zones.
○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
這道題也很經(jīng)典,首先根據(jù)題干定位詞redwood forest定位到標(biāo)紅句,但是仔細(xì)看一下4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中沒有能直接體現(xiàn)相關(guān)意思的(比如A選項(xiàng),They指代的是redwood forest,而原文指的是species的數(shù)量減少),這時(shí)候往前找更抽象的句子,發(fā)現(xiàn)前一句,說(shuō)at least in temperate zones那這就表明下面的概念都是在temperate zones這個(gè)大環(huán)境下描述的,那么作為細(xì)節(jié)出現(xiàn)的redwood forest當(dāng)然也應(yīng)該滿足這個(gè)條件。所以選C。
關(guān)于如何提高托福閱讀答題正確率,有以下一些方法:
進(jìn)行模擬測(cè)試
要求自己在20分鐘之內(nèi)完成一篇文章。期間排除環(huán)境干擾,不能查單詞,甚至不能上廁所。一切都模擬真實(shí)考試環(huán)境,目的是為了讓我們?cè)诳荚嚽皩?duì)真實(shí)考試的壓力和精力需求有直接的體驗(yàn)。
標(biāo)注錯(cuò)題
問問自己錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)為什么錯(cuò),正確選項(xiàng)為什么對(duì)。如果做題時(shí)不能確定選項(xiàng),就算做錯(cuò)。在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)要注意分析自己喜歡錯(cuò)哪個(gè)類型的題目,并進(jìn)行總結(jié)。同時(shí),把錯(cuò)題和錯(cuò)題所對(duì)應(yīng)的段落復(fù)制到錯(cuò)題文檔中。
查閱單詞、詞組,分析文章
這是真正能夠提高閱讀能力的環(huán)節(jié)?;氐皆闹?,逐句逐詞讀文章,遇到每一個(gè)自己不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞都查一下,并且結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容,把它背誦下來(lái)。每個(gè)意思不確定的詞組,也要通過一切手段搞懂。在單詞和詞組的基礎(chǔ)之上,搞懂文章每一句話的意思、每個(gè)段落的內(nèi)部邏輯、段落之間的關(guān)系和文章的構(gòu)成。托福作為一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的考試,它的考點(diǎn)以及文章構(gòu)造的方式總是固定的。而邏輯的展開方式,無(wú)非也就是因果、并列、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步那么幾種。我們需要做的無(wú)非是多遍熟悉文章的寫作和構(gòu)建方式,之后在考試中,看到一個(gè)段落能夠?qū)Χ温涞臉?gòu)建方式有準(zhǔn)確的預(yù)判和把握。這是提高對(duì)篇章把握能力的有效方法。
對(duì)照譯文重新閱讀
這個(gè)步驟無(wú)非是一邊讀英文,一邊核對(duì)中文,看看自己對(duì)于每一句話的理解是否得當(dāng)。因?yàn)槲覀儽2粶?zhǔn)會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣的情況:一開始以為自己讀懂了,其實(shí)卻是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的理解。這種情況比完全沒讀懂還要可怕,因?yàn)樗褑栴}隱藏了。
每天復(fù)習(xí)已經(jīng)讀過的文章和已經(jīng)做過的錯(cuò)題
復(fù)習(xí)與鞏固已經(jīng)做錯(cuò)的題目,才能帶來(lái)進(jìn)步。很多同學(xué)喜歡做題,覺得做題很有成就感。但是如果沒有對(duì)做過的題目的分析和對(duì)文章細(xì)致的理解,那做題的收效甚微。一般情況下,分析一篇文章所花的時(shí)間可能是做一篇文章的幾倍。通過細(xì)致分析詞匯、句子,了解閱讀文章的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和出題點(diǎn)是提高閱讀速度、積累詞匯、提高正確率的最有效手段。
主題 :莊子TOEFL閱讀理解
主講題材 :植物學(xué)和動(dòng)物學(xué),生物生理類
主講題型 :主題型
要 求 :
1. 掌握專業(yè)題材文章的章法
2. 了解專業(yè)題材的出題角度和類型
主題型 :
1. 專業(yè)段子中的主題答案特征——主題標(biāo)志詞
l WHY 和HOW
l THE MECHANISM OF / MECHANICS
l THE CHARACTERISTICS
l THE EXPLANATION OF
l THE REASON OF
l THE EFFECTS OF
l THE ANALYSIS OF
l THE IMPACT OF
l ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN
2. 歷史社科題材主題特征詞
l DEVELOPMENT
l THE ORIGINS OF
l THE CULTURE OF
l THE EVOLUTION OF
l THE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
3. 人物題材文章的主題特征詞:
l THE LIFE AND WORK OF
4. 主題型題目命題特征:
l 順序第一原則:命題點(diǎn)在文章的第一題,
l 概括性原則:全文每段第一句的概括,
l 復(fù)現(xiàn)率法則:某個(gè)單詞(名詞)在每段第一句中的反復(fù)出現(xiàn)就構(gòu)成主題詞
5. 解體順序利弊分析:
l 首先處理主題型:
條件:(1)閱讀概括能力較強(qiáng)
(2)主題表識(shí)明顯
(3)平時(shí)解體習(xí)慣使然,而且命中率高
好處:利于全局把握文章,解細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí)有方向性
壞處:如果解錯(cuò),對(duì)后面解題有影響
l 最后處理主題型:
條件:(1)對(duì)每段第一句讀得模糊
(2)整體概括能力欠缺
(3)對(duì)選項(xiàng)的判斷不清
措施:從細(xì)節(jié)題中找出主題線索
錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):(1)局部整體差異
(2)不相干,未提及和原文矛盾的干擾項(xiàng)
系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第二頁(yè):PASSAGE1
樹葉如何變顏色
閱讀原則(一):熟視無(wú)睹
忽略專業(yè)內(nèi)容,讀懂邏輯關(guān)系小詞,把握文章的脈絡(luò),尤其是啟承轉(zhuǎn)合,作者命題的特點(diǎn)即出題的'點(diǎn)和出題角度。
文章中句子功能分析:
第一段:出四道題目
① 自然現(xiàn)象:主要名詞—green leaves
② 反映化學(xué)過程 reflects a number of …processes
③ 起因于 results from
④ ——⑥句是專業(yè)解釋
第二段:
⑦ . ⑧ Hence leaves appear green…以下的句子全部是要解釋樹葉為何綠色的專業(yè)知識(shí)。因?yàn)樵诘谌尾懦霈F(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系連詞NOTWITHSTANDING
第三段:
⑾ Notwithstanding 是邏輯關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)折。作者能夠向何處轉(zhuǎn)折呢?前文整篇闡述的是一種解釋,轉(zhuǎn)折只能是解釋本身不完善,ETS 的兩種觀點(diǎn)解釋型題目:其一標(biāo)新立異,其二中庸之道。第三段不太可能反對(duì)舊觀點(diǎn)提出另一新觀點(diǎn),故而不是標(biāo)新立異。因?yàn)樾枰撟C呢!所以是中庸之道。即作者對(duì)提出的現(xiàn)象解釋不置可否。
系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第8頁(yè):PASSAGE7——(熟讀)
Lichen 地衣
第一段:
l 句子學(xué)習(xí):they present mysterious still to be solved …
…as though designed to be ignored…
l 全段沒有涉及任何專業(yè)知識(shí)
第二段:
l 句子學(xué)習(xí):No casual observer of …would ever suspect that…the seemingly uncomplicated…is actually composed of … and a colony of …( which some scientists now consider to be…)
l diverse forms of
l be strikingly different from…
l every natural habitat imaginable, from deserts to tropical rain forests
l barren
系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第103頁(yè):PASSAGE123
地衣lichens 講解
lichen: algae, fungi, autotrophic, heterotrophic, photosynthesis, adverse environmental conditions,
a variety of
The lichen’s strong resistance to its hostile environment and its ability to live in harmony with such environments is one example that humanity should consider in trying to solve its own problems.
系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第144頁(yè):PASSAGE32
浮游生物PLANKTON
系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第166頁(yè):PASSAGE54
植物學(xué)BOTANIC
系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第179頁(yè):PASSAGE123
病毒VIRUS
系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第192頁(yè):PASSAGE80
細(xì)菌BACTERIA
系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第184頁(yè):PASSAGE72
樹的重要
系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第200頁(yè):PASSAGE89,
植物擬態(tài)的性質(zhì)和進(jìn)化
系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第209頁(yè):PASSAGE98 昆蟲偽裝(參考)
系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第249頁(yè):PASSAGE138
沙漠植物的生存
TOEFL最新練習(xí)題選編第一冊(cè)99頁(yè) Q42-50
植物的防御機(jī)理
TOEFL最新練習(xí)題選編第一冊(cè)120頁(yè) Q1-12
蘭花Orchids
orchids一詞在老題中曾經(jīng)反復(fù)出現(xiàn),如91/8列舉例證(系列教材閱讀分冊(cè)第166頁(yè)P(yáng)ASSAGE54植物學(xué)BOTANIC)但是當(dāng)該詞作為文章的中心詞主考時(shí),多數(shù)人不認(rèn)識(shí)。這一是告訴學(xué)生不要對(duì)老題掉以輕心。二有一種思路:“蘭花”的漢語(yǔ)符號(hào)傳達(dá)的信息只不過是告訴您這是一種植物。而ORCHID轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)的信息微乎其微,但是如果從上下文推理出這是植物就完事大吉。造成文章難度的是以下幾個(gè)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ):
l column
l blossoms
l pollination
l fertilize
l breeze
l sepals
l petals
l weird
l stigma
l intriguing
l scents
l aromatic
l ingenious
l discrete
l gorgeous
l labellum
l rampant
l lure