發(fā)布時(shí)間: 2025年01月01日 16:22
相信備考托福的同學(xué)都知道托福TPO的重要性，為了方便大家備考，下面我給大家整理出托福TPO1閱讀真題原文及答案翻譯，希望大家喜歡。
? ? ?托福TPO1閱讀真題原文Part3
Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.
The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.
Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often adramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.
托福TPO1閱讀真題題目Part3
1. The word "dramatic" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○gradual
○complex
○visible
○striking
2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?
○In an area that has little water
○In an area that has little sunlight
○Above a transition area
○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?
○B(yǎng)oth are treeless zones.
○B(yǎng)oth mark forest boundaries.
○B(yǎng)oth are surrounded by desert areas.
○B(yǎng)oth suffer from a lack of moisture.
Paragraph 2: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.
4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?
○They cannot grow in cold climates.
○They do not exist at the upper timberline.
○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.
○They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do.
Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.
5. The word "attain" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○require
○resist
○achieve
○endure
6. The word "they" in the passage refers to
○valleys
○trees
○heights
○ridges
7. The word "prone" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○adapted
○likely
○difficult
○resistant
8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?
○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys
○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.
○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.
○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.
Paragraph 4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.
9. Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○B(yǎng)ecause of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.
○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.
○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.
○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.
10. In paragraph 4, what is the author's main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?
○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.
○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations
○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified
○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon
Paragraph 6: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is lessprevalent.
11. The word "prevalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○predictable
○widespread
○successful
○developed
12. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:
○B(yǎng)ecause they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.
○B(yǎng)ecause they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.
○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.
○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.
Paragraph 5: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. █
13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○B(yǎng)irch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.
○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.
○The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.
○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.
○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.
○Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures
托福TPO1閱讀真題答案Part3
答案：
1. ○4
2. ○1
3. ○2
4. ○3
5. ○3
6. ○2
7. ○2
8. ○1
9. ○3
10. ○4
11. ○2
12. ○3
13. ○4
14. There is no agreement among…
Despite being adjacent …
The geographical location of…
托福TPO1閱讀真題Part3原文翻譯
山上樹帶界線的植被
通常從山坡上的森林到?jīng)]有樹的苔原是一種非常戲劇化的轉(zhuǎn)變。在一個(gè)垂直距離只有幾十米的地方，樹木這種生命形式就消失了，取而代之的是低矮的灌木、草本植物和牧草。這種快速過渡的區(qū)域被稱為上行樹帶界線或林木線。在許多干旱的地區(qū)存在著下行樹帶界線，在這里由于缺乏水分森林變成干草原，甚至在最下端會(huì)出現(xiàn)沙漠。
上行樹帶界線，和雪線一樣，在熱帶最高，在極地最低。從極地地區(qū)的海平面到干燥的亞熱帶地區(qū)的海拔4 500米處以及潮濕的熱帶地區(qū)海拔3 500米至4 500米處都有上行樹帶界線。樹帶界線內(nèi)通常是常綠樹，它們和處于上行樹帶界線處極端惡劣環(huán)境中生長(zhǎng)的落葉樹木相比，具有一定的優(yōu)勢(shì)。然而，在部分地區(qū)也有由落葉闊葉林組成的樹帶界線。例如，在喜馬拉雅的部分地區(qū)，樺樹就在樹帶界線上。
上行樹帶界線的樹木開始扭曲和變形，尤其在中高緯度地區(qū)的樹木，這些地區(qū)的樹木往往會(huì)在山脊上長(zhǎng)得更高，而在熱帶地區(qū)的樹木則在山谷里長(zhǎng)得更高;因?yàn)橹懈呔暥鹊貐^(qū)樹帶界線受積雪覆蓋時(shí)間和深度的影響很大。由于山谷中積雪覆蓋較厚且持續(xù)時(shí)間很長(zhǎng)，樹木即便是生長(zhǎng)在大風(fēng)和貧瘠的土地里，也往往會(huì)在山脊上長(zhǎng)得更高。在熱帶地區(qū)山谷里更有利于生長(zhǎng)，因?yàn)樯焦炔灰赘珊?、很少結(jié)霜，并且有更深的土壤。
目前還沒有一個(gè)普遍認(rèn)同的解釋來說明為什么會(huì)在樹帶界線上出現(xiàn)樹木停止生長(zhǎng)這種戲劇化的現(xiàn)象。多種環(huán)境因素都起到作用，例如，積雪過多會(huì)讓樹木透不過氣，雪崩和雪移能摧毀樹木;長(zhǎng)時(shí)間積雪縮短了有效生長(zhǎng)季節(jié)的時(shí)間，樹苗無法生長(zhǎng);另外，風(fēng)速會(huì)隨著海拔的升高而增加，增加樹木承受的壓力，很明顯，正是這種風(fēng)速帶來的壓力導(dǎo)致樹木在高緯度地區(qū)發(fā)生變形。一些科學(xué)家提出，隨著海拔的上升而不斷增強(qiáng)的紫外線、野生山羊等動(dòng)物的放養(yǎng)，都是導(dǎo)致樹帶界線形成的因素?；蛟S最重要的環(huán)境因素是溫度，因?yàn)槿绻L(zhǎng)季節(jié)太短并且氣溫太低，樹芽和樹苗都無法充分地成長(zhǎng)而存活過冬季。
在林木線之上有一個(gè)稱為高山苔原的地帶。由于緊挨著樹帶界線，苔原上都是矮灌木、草本植物和牧草。隨著海拔的增加，物種的數(shù)量和多樣性會(huì)逐漸減少，直到出現(xiàn)大量空地伴著零星的苔蘚和地衣這樣的伏地墊狀植物。有些植物甚至可以在雪線以上有利的微環(huán)境中生存，世界上海拔最高的植物是出現(xiàn)在喜馬拉雅山上6 100百米的馬卡魯峰。在這個(gè)高度上，被陽(yáng)光溫暖過的巖石可以將 小雪 堆融化。
高山植物最突出的特點(diǎn)是其低矮的生長(zhǎng)形態(tài)。這種特點(diǎn)使他們能夠避開大風(fēng)最強(qiáng)勢(shì)的勢(shì)頭，并且有助于他們利用緊鄰地 面相 對(duì)較高的溫度。在這樣一個(gè)低溫限制生命的地區(qū)，地表提供的額外溫度是至關(guān)重要的。低矮的生長(zhǎng)形態(tài)也可以幫助植物充分利用冬季積雪所提供的保溫環(huán)境。在赤道區(qū)的山脈上低矮的生長(zhǎng)形態(tài)并不常見。
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托福TPO是我們托福閱讀的重要參考資料，為了方便大家備考，下面我給大家整理了托福TPO1閱讀文本及題目答案Part2，希望大家喜歡。
? ? ? 托福TPO7閱讀原文Part1
The Geologic History of the Mediterranean
In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?
Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?
With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.
The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
The salt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusual gravel provided abundant evidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.
gypsum: a mineral made of calcium sulfate and water
Paragraph 1: In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?
托福TPO7閱讀題目Part1
1. The word "objective" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○achievement
○requirement
○purpose
○feature
2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a change that occurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?
○Most invertebrate species disappeared during a wave of extinctions.
○A few hardy species wiped out many of the Mediterranean's invertebrates.
○Some invertebrates migrated to Atlantic Ocean.
○New species of fauna populated the Mediterranean when the old migrants returned.
Paragraph 3: With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.
3. What does the author imply by saying "Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the
pebbles came from the nearby continent"?
○The most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.
○The geologists did not find as many pebbles as they expected.
○The geologists were looking for a particular kind of pebble.
○The different pebbles could not have come from only one source.
4.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
○It did not contain any marine fossil.
○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.
○Volcanic rock fragments.
○Thin silt layers
○Soft, deep-sea mud
○Crystalline salt
6. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?
○To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan
○To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar Challenger
○To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floor
○To describe the most difficult problems faced by the Glomar Challenger expedition
Paragraph 4: The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scoresof invertebrate species. only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?
○The movements of Earth's crust
○The accumulation of sediment layers
○Changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean
○Changes in Earth's temperature
8. The word "scores" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○members
○large numbers
○populations
○different types
9. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct?
○The evaporation of chemicals necessary for their survival
○Crustal movements that connected the Mediterranean to the saltier Atlantic
○The migration of new species through the narrow straits
○Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of the Mediterranean
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.
○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.
○The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.
○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.
11. The word "Turbulent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Fresh
○Deep
○Violent
○Temperate
Paragraph 2 ■Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.
Where would the sentence best fit?
13.Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
An expedition to the Mediterranean answered some long-standing questions about the ocean's history.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○The Glomar Challenger expedition investigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.
○Researchers collected fossils to determine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.
○Scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger were the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath the seafloor.
○Samples recovered from the expedition revealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distribution among the sediment layers.
○Evidence collected by the Glomar Challenger supports geologists' beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporated and become a desert, before it refilled with water.
○Mediterranean salt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.
托福TPO7 閱讀答案 Part1
參考答案：
1.○ 3
2.○ 2
3.○ 1
4.○ 1
5.○ 2, 4
6.○ 1
7.○ 1
8○ 2
9.○ 4
10.○ 2
11.○ 3
12.○ 3
13. The Glomar Challenger
Samples recovered from
Evidence collected by
托福TPO7閱讀原文翻譯Part1
參考翻譯：地中海的地質(zhì)歷史
1970年，地理學(xué)家Kenneth J. Hsu 和 William B.F. Ryan在海洋調(diào)查船Glomar Challenger號(hào)上收集調(diào)研資料。這次特別巡航的一個(gè)目的是調(diào)查地中海的地層以及解決關(guān)于其地質(zhì)歷史的問題。其中一個(gè)問題是有關(guān)地中海地區(qū)無脊椎動(dòng)物(沒有脊椎的動(dòng)物)于600萬年前發(fā)生劇變的證據(jù)。大部分更加古老的生物都幾乎滅絕了，盡管一些頑強(qiáng)的種類得以生存。很少的一些動(dòng)物成功地遷移到了大西洋。不久后，這些動(dòng)物又回來了，并帶回來新的物種。為什么這次較近的動(dòng)物滅絕和遷移會(huì)發(fā)生呢?
Glomar Challenger號(hào)上科學(xué)家們的另一個(gè)任務(wù)是嘗試去確定深埋在地中海海底穹頂狀巨塊的起源。這些結(jié)構(gòu)在早些年被回聲探測(cè)器探測(cè)過，但是它們從未被鉆探過。它們是像美國(guó)墨西哥海灣海岸一帶的含鹽穹頂狀巨塊嗎?如果是的話，為什么在地中海海底之下會(huì)有這么多固體的結(jié)晶鹽呢?
帶著這些清楚擺在他們面前的問題，科學(xué)家們登上Glomar Challenger號(hào)前往地中海尋找答案。1970年8月23日，他們找到了一個(gè)樣本。這個(gè)樣本由石膏塊和火山巖碎塊組成。周圍沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)一塊能說明這些小石頭來自附近的大陸。接下來的日子里，隨著海底巖層鉆探實(shí)驗(yàn)的進(jìn)行，固體石膏樣本被不斷地放在甲板上。而且，這些膏狀物的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)特性表明它們形成于沙漠。在石膏層上下的沉積物中包含了微小的海洋生物化石，說明了這是開放性的海洋環(huán)境。當(dāng)鉆到地中海盆地中心的最深處時(shí)，科學(xué)家們從鉆管中獲得了堅(jiān)實(shí)的、光亮的結(jié)晶鹽。跟結(jié)晶鹽嵌在一起的薄層像是被風(fēng)吹起的泥沙層。
時(shí)間闡明了一個(gè)假設(shè)。調(diào)查者們構(gòu)思了這樣的理論：大約2 000萬年前，地中海是一條寬闊的航道，它通過兩條狹窄的海峽與大西洋連接。地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)封閉了海峽，被陸地包圍的地中海也開始蒸發(fā)。由蒸發(fā)引起的越來越高的鹽度造成無脊椎動(dòng)物種類的滅絕。只有一些能抵抗高鹽度條件的物種保留下來。隨著蒸發(fā)的繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，鹽水濃度太高以致硬地層的硫酸鈣發(fā)生沉淀。在盆地的中間深處，剩余鹽水的持續(xù)蒸發(fā)形成更多的可溶的氯化鈉(鹽)。后來，在上層沉淀物的重壓下，鹽向上形成了含鹽的圓頂。然而在這之前，地中海是一個(gè)3 000米深的大沙漠。然后，550萬年前發(fā)生了洪水。作為地殼調(diào)整和斷層作用的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在連接地中海和大西洋的直布羅陀海峽打開了，水流像瀑布一樣壯觀地涌回地中海。湍急的水流沖擊并摧毀了堅(jiān)硬的含鹽層，把它們磨成了Challenger號(hào)獲得的第一份樣本中人們所觀察到的鵝卵石。隨著盆地的填充，普通的海洋生物又回來了。不久后海洋軟泥層開始在原先的硬地層上堆積。
鹽、石膏、動(dòng)物區(qū)系的變更，還有不尋常的沙礫層都為地中海曾經(jīng)是片沙漠的理論提供了充分的證據(jù)。
托福TPO7閱讀原文及參考答案Part1相關(guān) 文章 ：
為了幫助大家備考托福閱讀，提高成績(jī)，下面我給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿xTPO21(試題+答案+譯文)第一篇:Geothermal Energy，希望大家喜歡！
托福閱讀原文
【1】Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.
【2】By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.
【3】Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generating electricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.
【4】Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.
【5】Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.
【6】The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.
托福閱讀試題
1.According to the processes described in paragraph 1, what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steam produced by geothermal heat?
A.Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground.
B.When water is introduced into holes drilled thousands of feet in the ground, it becomes radioactive and turns to steam.
C.Radioactivity heats Earth's interior rock, which in turn can heat water to the point it becomes steam.
D.When a reservoir of steam in subsurface rock is produced by radioactivity, it is said to be geothermally heated.
2.The word "practical" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A.usable.
B.plentiful.
C.economical.
D.familiar.
3.The word "abundant" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A.economical.
B.familiar.
C.plentiful.
D.useful.
4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about heat reservoirs with a temperature in the range of 80°to 180° centigrade?
A.They are under international control.
B.They are more common than reservoirs that have a higher temperature.
C.Few of them produce enough heat to warm large industrial spaces.
D.They are used to generate electricity.
5.According to paragraph 3, what is the connection between underground faults and naturally occurring steam?
A.Underground faults enable the heat from molten-rock material to escape upward to regions where it can heat surface water enough to produce steam.
B.Underground faults are created by steam that is produced in geothermal reservoirs deep inside Earth.
C.Underground faults create spaces in which natural steam is sometimes trapped.
D.Underground faults allow surface water to reach deep rocks that are hot enough to turn it into steam.
6.In paragraph 3, why does the author mention that in the 1990s The Geysers was in its third decade of production?
A.To provide the historical context of the geothermal production of electricity in the United States.
B.To imply that The Geysers was the first geothermal site to be put into production in California.
C.To help explain the signs of decline shown by The Geysers.
D.To explain why 70 new geothermal sites were put into electricity production in the late 1990s.
7.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about geothermal reservoirs?
A.Volcanic heat is associated only with geothermal reservoirs that have a temperature over 180° centigrade.
B.More countries produce power from geothermal reservoirs than use them for heating buildings.
C.Most geothermal reservoirs are suitable for producing electricity.
D.A higher geothermal reservoir temperature is needed to generate electricity than is needed to heat homes.
8.According to paragraph 4, extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks is difficult in part because
A.the underground rock must be fractured before heat can be removed from it.
B.the water above the rock is under very high pressure.
C.the rock breaks apart when water is pumped into it.
D.the water circulated through the rock must be much cooler than the rock itself.
9.The word "exploiting" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A.locating.
B.increasing.
C.making use of.
D.estimating the size of.
10.How is the problem that the surface may sink related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials?
A.Both problems could be solved by returning groundwater that is removed from an underground heat reservoir back to the reservoir after heat is extracted from it.
B.The problem of sinking is more difficult to solve than is the problem of toxic materials.
C.Land at the surface sinks because the rock beneath the surface is weakened when salts and toxic materials are removed from it in the process of extracting geothermal energy.
D.Both problems are caused by the fact that the hot groundwater in a heat reservoir dissolves the rock, which weakens the rock and makes the water toxic with salt.
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Heat flows through solid rock very slowly, so it takes a very long time for geological processes to produce a reservoir of geothermal energy.
B.Geothermal energy is not renewable because heat flows very slowly through solid rock into or out of a heat reservoir.
C.The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not practically speaking, renewable.
D.In most cases, heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowfy that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it.
12.In paragraph 6, the author implies that in California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the rift valleys of Africa the potential size of the geothermal resource is so large that
A.it might be economically worth developing these sites even though geothermal energy is not renewable.
B.these sites will be the first geothermal energy sites to be developed with new technology.
C.these sites are likely to make a large-scale contribution to the world energy budget in the twenty-first century.
D.it does not matter whether they have naturally occurring deposits of hot water or steam.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. In either case, the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have a temperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100° centigrade.
Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. ■【A】The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. ■【B】The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.■【C】
By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. ■【D】Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Heat reservoirs in the form of hot rock far beneath Earth's surface are a potential source of usable geothermal energy.
A.Heat reservoirs with a temperature from 80° to 180° centigrade can be used, as in France and Iceland, to heat buildings.
B.A number of countries now use geothermal reservoirs that contain water or steam above 180° centigrade to generate electricity.
C.Most heat reservoirs with a temperature above 180° centigrade cannot be used for energy because they are usually too close to recent volcanic activity.
D.The sinking of land above heat reservoirs and other environmental problems arise when water is pumped into a heat reservoir under high pressure.
E.Experiments are under way to determine if geothermally heated waters could be used as a source of certain minerals that have been dissolved out of hot rocks deep within Earth.
F.A number of issues, including how to extract heat from reservoirs that do not have a natural supply of water, will significantly limit the use of geothermal energy for the foreseeable future.
托福 閱讀答案
1.細(xì)節(jié)題，問radioactivity和steam的關(guān)系，所以找雙關(guān)鍵詞，分別定位至本段第一句和最后一句，第一句說radioactivity提供了地球的內(nèi)熱，最后一句說水變成蒸汽到達(dá)地表，水受熱才能蒸汽，而這份熱量是geothermal energy提供的，這就是二者的關(guān)系，所以答案是C。A的水暴露在radioactive underground時(shí)候steam產(chǎn)生沒說;B水變成radioactive沒說;D的radioactivity產(chǎn)生蒸汽更不靠譜。
2.practical實(shí)際的，可用的，答案是A的usable，此題簡(jiǎn)單，B plentiful大量的、C economical節(jié)省的和D familiar熟悉的，完全不對(duì)。
3.abundant大量的，充足的，所以答案是C的plentiful，我懷疑這個(gè)題的選項(xiàng)是不是跟上一道題弄混了，待定。不過C肯定是對(duì)的。此題也較簡(jiǎn)單，其他答案完全不沾邊，不會(huì)的各位最好認(rèn)真背單詞了。
4.以80到180度做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，說最豐富的geothermal energy是在80到180度范圍內(nèi)的，所以同義替換是B的more common than higher temperature。A的international control原文沒說;C與本段第二句說反;D在本段沒提，但下一段說高于180度的可以用來發(fā)電，所以D說反了。
5.又是一個(gè)問兩者關(guān)系的題，找雙關(guān)鍵詞，定位至第三句，說natural hot water和natural steam僅存在于那些地點(diǎn)，地表水通過fault或者fracture滲到地下，碰到被加熱的blabla，答案明顯是D。A說fault使heat跑上來，和原文的方向說反了，原文是水跑下去;B說steam創(chuàng)造了fault完全不靠譜;C的steam被trap原文沒說。
6.修辭目的題，先讀例子所在句，只是細(xì)節(jié)，按照常規(guī)應(yīng)該往前看，但前一句已經(jīng)在上題看過，與答案無關(guān)，所以往下看，而且看下一句另外一個(gè)原因是因?yàn)榇~this，下句說G經(jīng)歷了30年的運(yùn)作，已經(jīng)顯示衰敗跡象，可能是因?yàn)檫^度開發(fā)，所以答案是C，A和B的內(nèi)容原文沒提;D本身也是個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)。
7.此題用排除法更快，A與第二段首句說反，錯(cuò);第二段只是說geothermal energy可以用來加熱building，沒說most，B錯(cuò);C和D都可以從兩段的首句看出來，第二段說最多的是在80到180度，第三段說發(fā)電需要180度以上，所以發(fā)電比別的溫度高，D對(duì)，C說反。
8.整個(gè)問題做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，說從hot, dry rock抽熱量是特別難的，必須先fracture rock，水也要人工引入，所以答案是A。D沒說，B和C原文確實(shí)有說，但沒有回答為什么難，也就是那種答非所問選項(xiàng)，所以也不對(duì)。
9.exploit開發(fā)，利用，剝削壓榨，所以C的making use of正確。原文說人們正在實(shí)踐新的技術(shù)來怎么樣這種資源，B很顯然不對(duì)，資源如果想加就加那就好了;A定位和D估計(jì)數(shù)量都太初級(jí)了，而且現(xiàn)在的技術(shù)就可以定位和算儲(chǔ)量，明顯不應(yīng)該是under way。
10.又是一個(gè)問兩者關(guān)系的題，本來應(yīng)該找雙關(guān)鍵詞，但這段實(shí)在太短，找關(guān)鍵詞還不如讀完，快速掃完之后發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩件事情都是由于開采地下水引起的問題，而且最后一句說如果不把地下水補(bǔ)充回去就會(huì)有問題，所以答案是A。兩個(gè)問題之間是并列關(guān)系，既沒有比較也沒有因果，所以B和C都不對(duì);D的dissolved溶解原文沒說，也不對(duì)。
11.原句的結(jié)構(gòu)是geothermal energy是不renewable的，因?yàn)閎labla，所以前面的結(jié)果一定要有，A和D排除;原句的原因中有一個(gè)比較，說draw out比replace的快，C重現(xiàn)了這個(gè)比較，B沒有，所以正確答案是C。
12.修辭目的題，先讀細(xì)節(jié)所在句，說在這些資源如此充足的地方，資源的利用前景取決于economies of production生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)，四個(gè)答案中只有A提到了開采是否劃算的問題，所以答案是A。B和D原文直接沒說;C跑到最后一句去了，跟例子也沒什么關(guān)系，注意倒數(shù)第二句MS也有例子，但是題目問的不是那個(gè)。
13.這道題有一個(gè)過渡點(diǎn)就夠了，in either case說明正確插入點(diǎn)之前必須有兩種情況，直接確定B，因?yàn)橹坝衭sually和less typically兩種情況。
14.Heat選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第二段，正確;注意不要因?yàn)闇囟群蛧?guó)家把這個(gè)選項(xiàng)當(dāng)成細(xì)節(jié)，即使當(dāng)成細(xì)節(jié)，也可以憑其他選項(xiàng)都不對(duì)的排除法解決。Most heat選項(xiàng)與原文第三段首句說反，不選。Experiments選項(xiàng)MS對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四段最后一句，但原文說的是利用熱能，不是礦物，所以這個(gè)選項(xiàng)不選。A number of countries選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第三段首句，正確;注意不要因?yàn)闇囟劝堰@個(gè)選項(xiàng)當(dāng)成細(xì)節(jié)。The sinking選項(xiàng)不知所云，好像有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，不知道是不是我的TPO版本問題，但即使這個(gè)選項(xiàng)語(yǔ)法沒問題，說的也應(yīng)該是第五段的細(xì)節(jié)，或者是干脆沒說，所以不選。A number of issues選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第六段，正確。
托福閱讀譯文
【1】地球內(nèi)部因放射產(chǎn)生的熱量為板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)、大陸漂移、造山運(yùn)動(dòng)和地震提供了能量。這種熱量還可以用來驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電以及為家庭供暖。水流經(jīng)地表下可能幾百甚至幾千英尺深的熱巖區(qū)域(一種熱儲(chǔ))被加熱，當(dāng)被加熱的水將熱量傳遞出來時(shí)，地?zé)崮芫涂梢詫?shí)際形式加以利用了。這些水通常是沿著巖石的斷面下滲的天然地下水，少數(shù)情況下是人為從地表泵入的水。通過為了采集地?zé)崮芩@的孔，這些水會(huì)以液體或蒸汽的形式被帶到地表。
【2】到目前為止，最豐富的地?zé)崮苄问浇橛谙鄬?duì)較低的80到180攝氏度的溫度。在此溫度范圍內(nèi)的熱儲(chǔ)內(nèi)循環(huán)的水可以提取出足夠的熱量供居住區(qū)、商業(yè)區(qū)和工業(yè)區(qū)取暖。目前在法國(guó)有20 000間以上的公寓是由溫暖的地下水供暖的，這些地下水來自位于巴黎附近叫做巴黎盆地的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造的熱儲(chǔ)。冰島位于一個(gè)被稱為是大西洋中脊的火山構(gòu)造之上。冰島的首都雷克雅維克完全是用火山熱產(chǎn)生的地?zé)崮芄┡摹?/p>
【3】溫度高于180攝氏度的地?zé)醿?chǔ)集層可用來發(fā)電。這類地?zé)醿?chǔ)集層主要位于有近期火山活動(dòng)的區(qū)域，以干熱的巖石、天然熱水或天然蒸汽的形式存在。后兩種形式的儲(chǔ)集層局限于少數(shù)區(qū)域，在這些區(qū)域，地表水通過地下斷層或斷裂滲入到被近期的熔巖活動(dòng)加熱的深層巖石。世界上最大的天然蒸汽供應(yīng)位于加州舊金山以北120公里處的蓋沙斯。二十世紀(jì)九十年代，那里產(chǎn)出的電能足夠滿足舊金山半數(shù)的需求。當(dāng)時(shí)該電廠已經(jīng)有三十個(gè)年頭了，開始顯示出發(fā)電量下降的跡象，這可能是由于過度的開發(fā)所致。到二十世紀(jì)九十年代末，加州、猶他州、內(nèi)華達(dá)州和夏威夷約有70個(gè)地?zé)岚l(fā)電廠在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，產(chǎn)生的電能足夠滿足一百萬人的需求。目前有18個(gè)國(guó)家在利用地?zé)崮馨l(fā)電。
【4】要從極干熱的巖石中提取熱量存在一個(gè)更大的難題：巖石需要有裂縫才能讓水流通，而且水必須是人工提供的。通過泵入高壓水可以將巖石斷裂。開發(fā)利用此能源的技術(shù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)正在進(jìn)行之中。
【5】就像大多數(shù) 其它 能源一樣，地?zé)崮芤簿哂幸恍┉h(huán)境問題。如果抽取地下熱水而又不泵回，地表就會(huì)下沉。此外，地?zé)峒訜岬乃袕臒釒r中溶出的鹽分和有毒物質(zhì)。這些水如果不能被輸送回抽取的地方，將會(huì)產(chǎn)生處理方面的問題。
【6】地?zé)崮軐?duì)世界能源未來的貢獻(xiàn)是難以估量的。地?zé)崮茉谀撤N意義上講是不可再生的，因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)情況下，與熱量流經(jīng)堅(jiān)硬的巖石到達(dá)熱儲(chǔ)這個(gè)極為緩慢的地質(zhì)作用的更新速度相比，從熱儲(chǔ)提取熱量的速度要快得多。不過，在很多地區(qū)(例如加州、夏威夷、菲律賓、日本、墨西哥、非洲的裂谷)，這種能源可能非?？捎^，它的前景將取決于經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)。目前，我們只能有效地利用天然形成的熱水或蒸汽形式的地?zé)崮?。盡管潛能巨大，近期之內(nèi)地?zé)崮芸赡苤荒軐?duì)毗鄰用戶以及經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況良好的地區(qū)做出重要的局部貢獻(xiàn)，就像在加州、新西蘭和冰島地區(qū)的情況一樣。如果可能的話，地?zé)崮芄烙?jì)要到二十一世紀(jì)才能對(duì)世界的能源預(yù)算做出大的貢獻(xiàn)。
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托福TPO是托福備考小伙伴們最重要的參考資料，并且這個(gè)是在備考時(shí)候一定要認(rèn)真多多練習(xí)，托福TPO是非常重要的希望大家一定要重視起來，我為廣大的托?？忌砹送懈ｉ喿xTPO10(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Chinese Pottery，下面就來跟我一起來看下面精彩內(nèi)容吧!
托福閱讀原文
China has one of the world's oldestcontinuous civilizations—despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. Acountry as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complexsocial and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a majorrole.
The function and status of ceramics inChina varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial,trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and theera in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broadtypes—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain—for vessels, architectural itemssuch as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was animportant group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of whichwere produced in earthenware.
The earliest ceramics were fired toearthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C.,high-temperature stone wares were being made with glazed surfaces. During theSix Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producinghigh-fired ceramics of good quality. White wares produced in Hebei and Henanprovinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highlyprized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one ofthe high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition ofreligious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearlydelineated than that of stone wares or porcelains, for it embraces the oldcustom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images andarchitectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb modelsof the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tangdynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs wereoutlined in a raised trail of slip—as well as the many burial ceramics producedin imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.
Trade between the West and the settled andprosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-centuryAD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were thesepieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation ofporcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. Fromthe Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobaltoxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level ofmanganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, whichproduces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the tradingactivities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities ofdecorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated andinfluenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinesethemselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottleswith long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially forthe European market.
Just as painted designs on Greek pots mayseem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully andprecisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it iswith Chinese pots. To twentieth-centuryeyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the formof each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragonrepresented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranateindicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood forwedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fishleaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. onlywhen European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings becomeobscured or even lost.
From early times pots were used in bothreligious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in theYuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established atJingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Longand often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assistin classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large andcomplicated picture.
托福閱讀試題
1. The word “status” in thepassage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to
A.origin
B. importance
C.quality
D.design
2.According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing is true of Chinese ceramics?
A. The function of ceramics remained thesame from dynasty to dynasty.
B.The use of ceramics as trade objects isbetter documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.
C. There was little variation in qualityfor any type of ceramics over time.
D.Some religious sculptures were made usingthe earthenware type of ceramics.
3.The word “evolve” in the passage(Paragraph3)is closest in meaning to
A. divided
B.extended
C.developed
D. vanished
4.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 3) inthe passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.
A.While stone wares and porcelains arefound throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to theancient period.
B.Religious sculpture was created in mostperiods, but its history is less clear than that of stone wares or porcelainsbecause some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.
C.While stone wares and porcelains changedthroughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.
D.The historical development of religioussculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resembleearthenware architectural ornaments.
5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the followingconcerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:
A.The earliest high-fired ceramics were ofpoor quality.
B. Ceramics produced during the Tang andMing dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.
Earthenware ceramics were produced in Chinabefore stone wares were.
D.The Song dynasty period was notable forthe production of high quality porcelain ceramics.
6.The word “instigate” in thepassage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to
A.improved
B.investigated
C. narrowed
D.caused
7.According to paragraph 4, one consequenceof the trade of Chinese ceramics was
A. the transfer of a distinctive bluepigment from China to the Middle East
B.an immediate change from earthenwareproduction to porcelain production in European countries
C.Chinese production of wares made for theEuropean market
D.a decreased number of porcelain vesselsavailable on the European market
8.The word “whereas” in thepassage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to
A. while
B. previously
C.surprisingly
D.because
9.In paragraph 5, the author compares thedesigns on Chinese pots to those on Greek pots in order to
A.emphasize that while Chinese pots weredecorative, Greek pots were functional
B.argue that the designs on Chinese potshad specific meanings and were not just decorative
C.argue that twentieth-century scholars arebetter able to understand these designs than were ancient scholars
D.explain how scholars have identified themeaning of specific images on Chinese pots
10.Which of the following is mentioned inparagraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?
A.Chinese rulers
B. love of homeland
C. loyally to friends
D. success in trade
11.Paragraph 5 suggests which of thefollowing about the decorations on Chinese pottery?
A.They had more importance for aristocratsthan for ordinary citizens.
B.Their significance may have remainedclear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.
C.They contain some of the same images thatappear on Greek pots
D.Their significance is now as clear totwentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.
12.The word “these” in the passage(Paragraph6)refers to
A.religious ceremonies
B. descriptions
C.types of ware
D.pots
13. Look at the four squares [■]thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Wherecould the sentence best fit? Foreign trade was also responsible for certaininnovations in coloring.
Trade between the West and the settled andprosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-centuryAD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■【A】So admiredwere these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made inimitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of theirmanufacture. ■【B】From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purifiedform of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—thatcontained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a highmanganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■【C】In theseventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Companyresulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought toEurope, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares,notably Delft. ■【D】The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from theWest, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorativepatterns especially for the European market.
14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.
Ceramics have been produced in China for avery long time.
A.The Chinese produced earthenware,stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety ofutilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial purposes.
B. The shape and decoration of ceramicsproduced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramicsproduced for export.
C.As a result of trade relations, Chineseceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production ofother countries.
D. Chinese burial ceramics have the longestand most varied history of production and were frequently decorated withwritten texts that help scholars date them.
E.Before China had contact with the West,the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was wellunderstood.
F.Ceramics made in imperial factories wereused in both religious and non-religious contexts.
托福 閱讀答案
1.status狀態(tài)，地位，所以B的importance重要性，地位正確。原句說瓷器的作用和什么因朝代而不同，而且之后有解釋可能是實(shí)用的，用于埋葬的，或者blabla，所以importance能對(duì)上。origin起源不可能因?yàn)槌兓?quality后面有，不應(yīng)該重復(fù);design與后文的例子對(duì)不上
2.問題中的關(guān)鍵詞不能用，所以排除法最好。A的dynasty todynasty做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，說反，錯(cuò);B的trade objects和ritual objects做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，原文沒有比較，錯(cuò);C的quality做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，說根據(jù)它們質(zhì)量決定用來干嘛，所以質(zhì)量是有變化的，C錯(cuò);D的religious和earthenware做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句，正確
3.evolve進(jìn)化，演化，所以C的develop正確。原文說七到十世紀(jì)的白瓷怎么樣成了宋代的很好的瓷，無論從時(shí)間上還是后面說的highly prized都證明后面的比前面的好，所以應(yīng)該是變好的意思，A分開B延伸D消失都沒有變好之意
4.原文的主要關(guān)系是因果，因果的結(jié)果部分包含了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，所以從結(jié)構(gòu)上說只有B和D可能正確。B正確，D錯(cuò)在原文說stoneware和porcelain比religious sculpture清楚，但沒說religious sculpture不清楚，錯(cuò)
5.EXCEPT題，排除法。A的high-firedceramics做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第二句，原文說good quality, 備選項(xiàng)說poor，反了，錯(cuò)，選;B的Tang and Ming Dynasty做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句，正確，不選;C的earthenware和stoneware做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，原文說最早的是earthenware，所以比stoneware早，所以C正確，不選;D的Song dynasty做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三句，正確，不選
6.nstigate教唆，鼓動(dòng)，煽動(dòng)，所以cause引起正確，注意不要被investigate迷惑。原句說那些陶器非常惹人喜愛，促進(jìn)了earthenware的發(fā)展，也instigate了制陶 方法 的研究，instigate與原文的encourage并列，所以應(yīng)該是鼓勵(lì)之意。A提升改善B調(diào)查C變窄均不正確
7.以trade of Chineseceramics做關(guān)鍵詞定位至倒數(shù)第二句，問結(jié)果，所以應(yīng)該關(guān)注result in之后的內(nèi)容，說大量的Chinese porcelain到了歐洲，影響了一系列ware，接著又說會(huì)專門為歐洲市場(chǎng)做一些ware，所以C正確;注意B盡管說到了change，但immediate是原文沒說的;A沒說;D說反了，應(yīng)該是增加
8.注意 句子 中的seem和in fact，seem叫做看上去，也就是事實(shí)很可能不是這樣，后面的in fact叫做事實(shí)上，也就是說前面說的很可能不是事實(shí)，兩者呼應(yīng)，都說明兩句話之間的關(guān)系是轉(zhuǎn)折，所以while正確
9.先看本句，現(xiàn)代人認(rèn)為希臘的pots上的design只是裝飾，沒有實(shí)際意義，但事實(shí)上是有意義的，中國(guó)的pots也這樣，所以B正確。A錯(cuò)，不是pots decorative，而是design;C說反，D沒說方式，所以how錯(cuò)
10.問下面哪個(gè)是design的替代意義，倒數(shù)第二句整個(gè)都在說pots上design的意義，提到了emperor和empress，皇帝和皇后，所以A的Chinese rulers正確，統(tǒng)治者;其他都沒說
11.問題中關(guān)鍵詞不明顯，排除法。A的ordinarycitizens和aristocrat原文沒說;B的foreign influence做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句的European，說直到引入歐洲theme之后中國(guó)原有的裝飾的意思才被obscure，對(duì)應(yīng)B，沒有foreign influence那些意思不會(huì)改變，正確;C沒說;D反了，應(yīng)該是ancient更熟悉
12.these往前找，找主語(yǔ)。注意從句子一開始到exist之前都是句子的主語(yǔ)，但of之前的東西是整個(gè)句子的核心，所以答案是description，對(duì)于什么什么的描述，描述才是核心，不是types of ware
13.兩個(gè)過渡點(diǎn)，名詞foreign trade和coloring。foreigntrade對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四句的from Middle East Chinese acquired blabla和倒數(shù)第二句的tradingactivities，所以B/C/D都有可能;coloring證明B或者C正確。按照正常邏輯，應(yīng)該先總括，說外貿(mào)也使染色技術(shù)發(fā)生變化，接著再說怎么變的，所以B正確，C錯(cuò)誤
14.The Chinese選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)第二段第二句，正確
The shape選項(xiàng)原文沒說，不選
As選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四段第一句，正確
Chinese選項(xiàng)原文沒說，不選
Before選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第五段最后一句，正確
Ceramics選項(xiàng)MS對(duì)應(yīng)原文最后一段，但最后一段沒說imperial陶瓷是用于both情況的，也不選
托福閱讀譯文
【1】盡管中國(guó)曾飽受入侵，偶爾喪失主權(quán)受制于外國(guó)，她仍然擁有世界上最源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)的文明。像中國(guó)一個(gè)擁有悠久文明的大國(guó)，而陶瓷在其復(fù)雜的社會(huì)歷史以及視覺歷史中扮演了極為重要的角色。
【2】在中國(guó)，每一個(gè)朝代陶瓷的功能和地位都是不同的，所以，根據(jù)它們的質(zhì)量和制作年代的不同，可以是實(shí)用器物、陪葬品、貿(mào)易 收藏 品，甚至是禮器。對(duì)于容器、瓦片等建筑材料、模仿的物體或人物，陶瓷廣義上被分為3大類：陶器、炻器和瓷器。另外，瓷器中還有很重要的一類就是宗教用途的雕塑，它們多數(shù)是陶質(zhì)的。
【3】盡管最早的陶瓷是在制陶的溫度下燒制的，但是早在公元前15世紀(jì)，就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了上釉的高溫炻器。六朝時(shí)期(公元265-589年)，中國(guó)北方就有窯爐在燒制優(yōu)質(zhì)的高溫瓷器。從7世紀(jì)到10世紀(jì)，河北以及河南省產(chǎn)的白瓷逐漸演變成為享有盛名的宋瓷(公元960-1279年)——長(zhǎng)久以來被認(rèn)為是中國(guó)陶瓷業(yè)歷史中的巔峰時(shí)期之一。宗教雕塑的傳統(tǒng)在大部分歷史時(shí)期中都有延續(xù)，但是沒有炻器和瓷器質(zhì)地的雕塑描繪的那么清晰，有一種古老的習(xí)俗，就是將刻著新的宗教形象和建筑裝飾的陶器作為陪葬品。瓷制品還包括漢朝的鉛釉隨葬陶俑，唐朝的三彩鉛釉器皿和人物，明朝的以泥釉凸紋展現(xiàn)輪廓的三彩寺廟裝飾物以及很多用來仿制貴重器皿的陪葬瓷器。
【4】西方國(guó)家和繁榮穩(wěn)定的歷代中國(guó)朝代之間的貿(mào)易促使雙方互相引入了新的形式和不同的技術(shù)。有一個(gè)意義最為深遠(yuǎn)的例子，公元9世紀(jì)精美中國(guó)瓷器出口到阿拉伯世界，帶來巨大的影響。阿拉伯人對(duì)這些瓷器贊不絕口，于是他們鼓勵(lì)制陶來仿制瓷器，并激勵(lì)人們研究制作方法。中國(guó)人從中東獲得了一種藍(lán)色顏料——一種純化的氧化鈷，當(dāng)時(shí)在中國(guó)并未出現(xiàn)，其中只含有少量的錳。中國(guó)境內(nèi)發(fā)現(xiàn)的鈷礦石含有大量的會(huì)產(chǎn)生暗藍(lán)灰色的錳元素。17世紀(jì)，大量中國(guó)裝飾類瓷器通過荷蘭東印度公司的交易活動(dòng)流入歐洲，這刺激和影響了廣泛多樣的瓷器的生產(chǎn)，特別是代爾夫特 。中國(guó)人自己改良了很多種來自西方的特殊器皿，比如長(zhǎng)嘴的瓶子，并專門為歐洲市場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)了一系列裝飾性圖案。
【5】就像希臘的陶器上所繪的圖案，今天看來也許純粹是為了裝飾，然而事實(shí)上在當(dāng)時(shí)它們都是人們精心燒制而成的，它們的意義在當(dāng)時(shí)非常明確，中國(guó)的瓷器也是如此。以20世紀(jì)的眼光來看，中國(guó)制造的陶瓷也許僅僅是裝飾品，但是對(duì)于中國(guó)人來說每個(gè)物件的形狀及它的裝飾都有寓意非凡，影響深遠(yuǎn)。龍代表皇帝，鳳代表皇后;石榴意味著多子，雙魚意味著幸福;鴛鴦寓意著婚姻幸福美滿;松樹、桃樹以及鶴都是長(zhǎng)壽的象征;魚躍出水面意味著科舉考試會(huì)高中。但是歐洲的裝飾主題被引進(jìn)后，這些寓意就變得不再那么流行甚至丟失了。
【6】陶瓷器皿在很早期就已用于宗教和日常生活中。朝廷分派了制作工作，并于元朝(公元1279-1368年)在景德鎮(zhèn)設(shè)立了一座官窯。陶瓷器皿在一些宗教儀式上也有著重要的地位?，F(xiàn)存的關(guān)于不同類型的陶瓷器具很多長(zhǎng)篇且抒情的描述可以幫助我們對(duì)其進(jìn)行分類，盡管這些描述有時(shí)候會(huì)使得一幅大而復(fù)雜的畫面顯得凌亂。
托福閱讀TPO10(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Chinese Pottery相關(guān) 文章 ：
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