詳解托福閱讀的解題技巧和訓(xùn)練方法
在托福閱讀考試中,有好的訓(xùn)練 方法 和一定量的解題技巧,可以為你的托福閱讀得到高分。那具體這些解題技巧和方法我們應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)用到平時的練習中去呢?下面我就為大家整理了這些,希望可以幫助到大家,快來一起學習吧。
詳解托福閱讀的解題技巧和訓(xùn)練方法
1.每一篇 文章 第一次做時,盡量按照考試速度要求做。
2.做完后,接下來就要認真把文章讀一遍,劃出把文章里不懂的單詞和長難句,查出單詞意思,(借助語法知識)認真分析長難句,同時還要把錯題(包括碰巧猜對的題目)認真分析,特別是OG和漢客筆記的題目(還有北極星最后幾套ETS出的題目),一定要把題目涉及的文章內(nèi)容仔細看,甚至在文章中劃出涉及考題的內(nèi)容,培養(yǎng)對易出題的考點的感覺,甚至揣摩ETS的出題思路。等到這些工作都做完,這篇文章也就基本吃透了,這時再重新把文章讀一遍,最好多讀兩遍。這個過程其實就是精讀了。只要時間允許,做過一次的閱讀文章最好都盡量精讀,吃透它。光作對題只是一個淺顯的要求,就像只顧吃飯,對材料認真分析、精讀才是真正消化吸收。
3.等過了三五天,或者兩三周以后,有空的話再把這篇文章看(做)一遍,作為鞏固,復(fù)習,而且有時還會溫故知新。
P.S 如果時間不足,OG的文章是一定要精讀的,而且題目也要仔細研究,這是出題思路和考試最為接近的資料。這些原則在新托福閱讀其實也是同樣適用的,只要文章中出現(xiàn)如下內(nèi)容,都要引起注意:舉例證明,羅列式例舉,轉(zhuǎn)折(否定),因果,下定義,比較級(最高級),同位語(插入語),數(shù)字年代,特殊標點(引號,破折號等)。
閱讀具體的做題順序
閱讀最基本的做題順序有兩種:先讀(全篇)文章再做題;先讀題目再讀文章(相應(yīng)部分)然后做題
它們又能衍生變化出兩種做題順序:讀一段文章,做相應(yīng)的題目,然后再讀一段,再做相應(yīng)的題目;讀文章各段首句,然后看題目,再找文章內(nèi)相應(yīng)部分做題
對于廣大非牛來說,可能“讀文章各段首句,然后看題目,再找文章內(nèi)相應(yīng)部分做題”會比較合適,讀各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和結(jié)構(gòu),做題再看內(nèi)容再做能大大降低“工作量”,但是這種做法不利于對全文的消化吸收,從而不利于做 總結(jié) 題,也可能會遺漏文章內(nèi)的一些細節(jié)而導(dǎo)致做錯細節(jié)題。而新托福目前反饋大都是順序出題的,所以建議練習時就盡量往“讀一段做相應(yīng)題目,再讀一段再做相應(yīng)題目”這一順序去靠攏,可以對文章有全面的把握,雖然總量上還是要讀完全文,但是對大腦的短期記憶的負擔要比通讀全文再做題目小很多。
托福閱讀題型破解
閱讀一般來說是中國人的強項了,也是拿分的主力。如果你口語不牛,作文 一般,還想考到100分,那么閱讀應(yīng)該保證在28分以上。(我認為對于多數(shù)人來說,要達到一百分,28,26,22,24這個結(jié)構(gòu)是比較容易達到的。)
在IBT閱讀中,甚至可以擴展到ETS所有考試的閱讀題目中,如果要用一個詞來概括的話,那就是paraphrase,意譯。無論是題干還是正確選項,大都能在原文中找出一句話來與之相對應(yīng)。即題目是原文的意譯。這種意譯是通過 同義詞 來完成的。即題干中多用 近義詞 來對原文中的 句子 進行替換,來達到提出問題或者提出正確答案的意思。準確把握意譯,是多數(shù)題目中準確在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑選項中選出正確的那個,都有著重要的作用。在后面的文章里我會結(jié)合實例解釋這一點。
關(guān)于先看題目還是先看文章的問題。也就是做題時間安排的問題。在此問題上我與有的朋友也有過爭執(zhí)。我個人習慣是先用5—7分鐘的時間通讀全文,然后平均每個問題有1分鐘的時間來回答。由于對問題的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基礎(chǔ)上,每個問題又有足夠的時間返回全文,每個選項都一一進行斟酌。我認為這樣準確率比較高。但有的朋友本著居家過日子的心,認為1000多字的文章只出十幾個題,必然有一些信息是沒用的。這樣通讀全文就會浪費掉一些時間,不如先看題再回去找來的痛快。對此我不好妄加評論。每個人都應(yīng)該通過考前大量的練習來制定出最為適合自己的方法。
關(guān)于復(fù)習的時間安排。我認為,弄完詞匯以后,就應(yīng)該著手突擊一下閱讀了。如今各種各樣的模擬題猶如英語輔導(dǎo)班一樣大量涌現(xiàn)。不會出現(xiàn)我們早期考生有題舍不得做的情況了。但也不能太急功近利,單詞沒弄好就硬上閱讀,有時候會適得其反。用1周的時間大量的突擊,也是對單詞的一個鞏固。找到感覺以后就可以開始下面的復(fù)習了。復(fù)習聽力口語作文的日子里,每天一定要最少做3篇文章的題量,按照考試的時間要求,千萬不可放松。做得多了,就可以把閱讀當作一種放松了。ETS的閱讀文章能教給我們各種學科的基礎(chǔ)知識。(這與GRE有區(qū)別。托福的專業(yè)性文章還都處于一個啟蒙的專業(yè)水平上,不像G那么變)閱讀還可以教給我們一些老美的思路,老美看待問題的方式。閱讀不會像你想象的那樣痛苦的。
無論是OG還是Delta,都把閱讀的題目分成十類,即:Understanding Facts and Details, IdentifyingNegative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences,Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence(Sentence inserting), Summarizing important Ideas and Organizing information. 我將按順序一一解釋。
還有很重要的一點,做題的時候,無論考試還是練習,不光要分析對的選項為什么對,更要分析錯的選項為什么錯。有時候分析錯誤的原因更為重要。有助于你把握出題的思路,培養(yǎng)感覺。這是非常有用的。
托福閱讀詞匯實踐出高分
有些人在復(fù)習托福閱讀一開始就抱著詞匯書背,我認為那樣做背起來特別容易忘,而且還到實際中還不知道怎么用。其實不妨這樣做,那一開始就做真題,就像摸考一樣,然后在對答案的時候,遇到的不懂得單詞,再看那些跟著每一套閱讀真題的單詞(有一些書就是跟著每套題的單詞,全篇翻譯都有的),這時候再背單詞,做一套,背一套,大概這樣做上4、5套題,你的感覺就是,大體主要的單詞也就是這些了,那你就提高到一個境界了。
而且復(fù)習托福閱讀真題讓你對真題書而有熟,是一舉幾得的事。我就是這么做的,是清華的一個家伙介紹給我的,真是不錯,現(xiàn)在大概復(fù)習有1個多月了,錯題數(shù)能控制在2個以內(nèi)。當然另外,還要注意一點,那就是一個閱讀的方法問題,我也想說一下,希望對大家有用。
托福閱讀備考的方法
其實 快速閱讀 的技巧在掌握文章的思路,使整篇文章的段落層次,清晰在大腦中展現(xiàn)。
在讀第一段時,特別是第一句,往往給我們一個大致的思路,文章的論題是什么,作者想說什么?然后第二段的第一句,然后在想一想作者下面又想講什么,這一段里有沒有什么重要的細節(jié)。然后第三段,又講了什么,這里面的重要細節(jié)又是什么。
幾段下來,每次讀的時候都要來個小小的總結(jié)。各個段落的目的是什么,主題又是什么?這樣,在腦子里面形成一個作者思路圖,在腦子里或者在草稿紙上畫一個文章的結(jié)構(gòu)思路題。
在回答問題前,花幾秒鐘總結(jié)一下文章大意,它的思路和主題。
再次提醒,TOEFL考察的是你的答題能力而非閱讀能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章,了解文章中的每一個細節(jié)。(其實,你也沒有那么多時間)。相反,你應(yīng)該只讀文章段落的第1句,而快速瀏覽其余部分。當你"讀"完這篇文章時,你就能對文章的結(jié)構(gòu)思路有總體的把握。
答題。根據(jù)你對文章的整體思路來答題。將問題(或選項)定位到文章中具體的某個段落甚至具體的句子。因為你這樣做完,你會覺得每一段的思路、脈絡(luò)都會非常清晰,做題的時候,就可以很快找到出題點,而且對于偏離主題的題一眼就能看出,主題詞就會顯得格外明顯。而實際中每一次的小結(jié)只需要幾秒鐘的一個停頓就可以,大家不妨試試,就會明白了。
需要注意的是,復(fù)習的時候,一定要看原文章,將文章通讀,遇到忘了的單詞,在重新回來查書上的解釋,然后再背。這樣背過的單詞就不再是一個個孤立的單 詞,而且也省去了枯燥背單詞的時間,更主要的是,這樣背過的單詞,你會對這個詞的用法很熟悉,不容易忘,或者就像有些人所說的,明明在單詞表里覺得挺熟的 詞,到了真正的閱讀中,又會覺得很生疏,或者不能立刻反映出它的意思了。
托福閱讀備考時大家要在做托福閱讀真題的同時理解背誦單詞,這樣才能進一步加強托福閱讀學習的質(zhì)量,希望對大家有幫助。
托福閱讀真題1
Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers by 1600 B.C., and fibers survive as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating back to 1375 B.C. During the Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries A.D.), glassmakers from Venice used glass fibers to decorate the surfaces of plain glass vessels. However, glassmakers guarded their secrets so carefully that no one wrote about glass fiber production until the early seventeenth century.
The eighteenth century brought the invention of spun glass fibers. R é ne-Antoine de R é a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass. He made fibers by rotating a wheel through a pool of molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.
By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned how to make longer, stronger fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot glass tube. Inventors wound the cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber from the molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, making decorations and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this material was of little practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer than ten feet, the circumference of the largest reels. By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass looked golden.
Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930's, when their thermal and electrical insulating properties were appreciated and methods for producing continuous filaments were developed. In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they solidify, the streams of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.
1. Which of the following aspects of glass fiber does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The major developments in its production
(B) Its relationship with pottery making
(C) important inventors in its long history
(D) The variety of its uses in modern industry
2. The word coarse in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) decorative
(B) natural
(C) crude
(D) weak
3. Why was there nothing written about the making of Renaissance glass fibers until the seventeenth century?
(A) Glassmakers were unhappy with the quality of the fibers they could make.
(B) Glassmakers did not want to reveal the methods they used.
(C) Few people were interested in the Renaissance style of glass fibers.
(D) Production methods had been well known for a long time.
4. According to the passage , using a hot glass tube rather than a wheel to pull fibers from molten
glass made the fibers
(A) quicker to cool
(B) harder to bend
(C) shorter and more easily broken
(D) longer and more durable
5. The phrase this material in line 16 refers to
(A) glass fibers
(B) decorations
(C) ornaments
(D) novelties for collectors
6. The word brittle in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) easily broken
(B) roughly made
(C) hairy
(D) shiny
7. The production of glass fibers was improved in the nineteenth century by which of the
following
(A) Adding silver to the molten glass
(B) Increasing the circumference of the glass tubes
(C) Putting silk thread in the center of the fibers
(D) Using yarn reels
8. The word appreciated in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) experienced
(B) recognized
(C) explored
(D) increased
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) invention (line 7)
(B) circumference (line 17)
(C) manufacturing process (line 24)
(D) bushing (line 25)
PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD
托福閱讀真題2
Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many that were once considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varèse(1 883-1965) called thus the liberation of sound...the right to make music with any and all sounds. Electronic music, for example — made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and electronic instruments — may include sounds that in the past would not have been considered musical. Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and nonelectronic instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments. A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions. Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be couriered unconventional in Western music — tom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracas—are widely used.
In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of microtones. Non-western music typically divides and interval between two pitches more finely than western music does, thereby producing a greater number of distinct tones, or microtones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters — closely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well. Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium.
Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The use of nontraditional sounds in contemporary music
(B) How sounds are produced electronically
(C) How standard musical notation has been adapted for nontraditional sounds
(D) Several composers who have experimented with the electronic production of sound
2. The word wider in one 1 is closest in meaning to more impressive
(A) more distinctive
(B) more controversial
(C) more extensive
(D) more impressive
3. The passage suggests that Edgard Var è se is an example of a composer who
(A) criticized electronic music as too noiselike
(B) modified sonic of the electronic instruments he used in his music
(C) believed that any sound could be used in music
(D) wrote music with environmental themes
4. The word it in line 12 refers to
(A) piano
(B) string
(C) blade
(D) music
5. According to the passage , which of the following types of instruments has played a role in
much of the innovation in western music?
(A) string
(B) percussion
(C) woodwind
(D) brass
6. The word thereby in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) in return for
(B) in spite of
(C) by the way
(D) by that means
7. According to the passage , Krzysztof Penderecki is known for which of the following practices?
(A) Using tones that are clumped together
(B) Combining traditional and nontradinonal instruments
(C) Seating musicians in unusual areas of an auditorium
(D) Playing Western music for non-Western audiences
8. According to the passage , which of the following would be considered traditional elements of
Western music?
(A) microtones
(B) tom-toms and bongos
(C) pianos
(D) hisses
9. In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams as an example of a new way to
(A) chart the history of innovation in musical notation
(B) explain the logic of standard musical notation
(C) design and develop electronic instruments
(D) indicate how particular sounds should be produced
PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD
2021年4月24日托福閱讀考試真題回顧
托??荚囀巧暾埑鰢魧W的一道門檻,對于正在備考托福的同學來說,比較有效的方法就是練習真題,整理了4月24日托福閱讀考試真題,來看看吧!
2021年4月24日托福閱讀考試真題
1. coral reef。
2. 歐洲的文化運動。
3. China ancient art 中國藝術(shù)品:瓷器、翡翠、絲綢、書法等。
4. 人類最早開始種植和畜牧的研究。
5. 人工降雨的歷史。
6. 尼羅河影響農(nóng)業(yè)。
7. 生物的起源。
8. 太平洋島上發(fā)現(xiàn)了蜥蜴。
托福閱讀考試出題點
時間和數(shù)字(number)
一般來說,出現(xiàn)時間概念的文章(essay)或段落通常和時間順序(order)有關(guān),作者會用不同的時間點串出一條時間線索(clue)。而個別數(shù)字的出現(xiàn)則意味著這個數(shù)字所闡述概念的重要性是不容忽視的(ignored),因此,除非文章中出現(xiàn)了數(shù)據(jù)堆積的現(xiàn)象(phenomenon),考生都需要把數(shù)字記錄(record)下來。
主題段和主題句的關(guān)鍵詞(key words)
TOEFL文章中的主題段和主題句都是參與搭建文章結(jié)構(gòu)的,因此記錄它們中的幾個關(guān)鍵詞對于把握全文的結(jié)構(gòu)非常重要。同時,文章中有很多的重要信息(information)也會包含在這部分內(nèi)容中。
人名、地名和專有名詞(proper noun)
這些概念在文章中出現(xiàn)的時候,一般都會出現(xiàn)大寫字母或引號等標記(sign),非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外,當提到這幾個具體的概念時(concept),文章通常是在用這些概念說明某個理論或者觀點(opinion),因此記錄下這些概念對于理解相關(guān)理論和觀點可以起到一定的輔助作用。
舉例主體
有的時候,為了說明某些理論和觀點,文章中會出現(xiàn)大段的舉例文字。
實際上(in fact),TOEFL考試中考查這些例子具體內(nèi)容(specific content)的時候非常少,而更多的是考查作者使用這些例子的原因(reason)或它們所證明的觀點。因此,考生在快速筆記中只需要記錄下例子是什么就可以了,至于例子中所闡述的具體信息,可以適當忽略(omit)。
新概念和局部核心概念
所謂“新概念”是指當考生讀到文章某個位置時,之前沒有出現(xiàn)過的概念。這種新概念的出現(xiàn)(appearance),意味著已有的概念已經(jīng)不能說明這里要闡述的問題,所以,新概念的出現(xiàn)必然也意味著一個重要信息的出現(xiàn)。而“局部核心概念”是指在連續(xù)的幾個段落中集中闡述的主題概念,對于這種概念來說,無論是作為觀點還是舉例大家都應(yīng)該注意(pay attention to),因為它顯然是作為重點在文章中被強調(diào)的(emphasized)。
重要的邏輯關(guān)系(relation)
很多考生在閱讀文章的時候只注意到了文章所闡述的重要內(nèi)容,但是忽略了信息之間的邏輯關(guān)系,因而對信息關(guān)聯(lián)理解不準確(incorrect),這也是一種嚴重的錯誤(mistake)。因此,在閱讀過程中記錄下信息之間所產(chǎn)生的邏輯關(guān)系可以避免(avoid)考生丟失信息之間的關(guān)聯(lián)信息。
托福閱讀考試文章類型
托福閱讀的3或5篇700單詞左右的文章全都節(jié)選自高校本科水平的教材,通常為針對某一學術(shù)領(lǐng)域的介紹。一般不做任何修改,從而能夠更好地被用于評估考生在學術(shù)英語氛圍下的閱讀能力,因而所涉及的詞匯量相對較大,但對于一些專業(yè)性較強的詞匯仍會給出注釋。主題廣泛,但并不要求考生對其非常熟悉,這是由于所有被考察的信息都包括在文章之中。
文體一般可分為說明(exposition)、議論(argumentation)和史實(historical)三類,而架構(gòu)則常常會表現(xiàn)為分類(classification)、比較(comparison/contrast)、因果(cause/effect)、解疑(problem/solution)四種之一。由于每篇托??荚囬喿x文章所對應(yīng)的題型都至少會包含一道涉及對文章總體架構(gòu)把握的多分值問題,上述文體方面的信息需要引起考生備考期間的充分注意。
托福閱讀考試技巧
抓關(guān)鍵詞,準確定位
考生在做題過程中,要熟練掌握根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞進行定位的技巧,這一技巧可以幫助大家加快解題速度,提高正確率。因為大部分托福閱讀題目考查的是考生對文章細節(jié)的理解,答案基本上都能在文章中找到。
拿到一個題目,我們先找題干中可以用來定位的關(guān)鍵詞,比如專有名詞、數(shù)字、符號等,然后根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回到原文進行定位。有時候文章中不一定會出現(xiàn)和關(guān)鍵詞一模一樣的詞,但很可能是關(guān)鍵詞的同義替換詞。
善于使用排除法
托福閱讀中有些題目枝干信息太多,但都是干擾項,如果逐字閱讀的話會很浪費時間。正確的做法應(yīng)該是從選項中挖掘一下方向,如果有幾項答案自相矛盾或者意思明顯相反,就可以直接排除,然后再對模糊選項進行確認,這時候再回到正文中細讀相關(guān)信息就會很省力。一般情況下,排除法是比較容易培養(yǎng)的套路,考生要善于使用這一技巧提高答題速度。
掌握句子順序上的變化
問句中所含信息與文章中相應(yīng)句子中的信息在順序上有時可能出現(xiàn)不同,甚至前后完全倒置。這種情況可能會導(dǎo)致迷失答題的方向。還應(yīng)注意到文章中有關(guān)問句的信息并非全都能在每個句子中找到,甚至在關(guān)鍵詞及短語之間存在一些不相關(guān)的信息,這些都會是尋找答案過程中的困難。
查找同義詞、近義詞、相關(guān)詞
在托福閱讀考試中,能否準確找出正確答案很大程度上取決于能否辯認出同義詞、近義詞、相關(guān)詞及不同形式的短語。1.詞形完全相同; 2.詞義相同,即同義詞 ;3.詞義相近,但并非同義 ;4.詞義相關(guān)。上述四種詞匯/短語表達方式中,種當然容易辯認,第二種同義詞也相 對不難,但第三種與第四種形式則不易辯認,所以要在閱讀過程中多加比較練習。如能攻破這一關(guān),則一定能夠取得好的考試成績。
猜讀詞義
托福閱讀考試沒有必要去讀懂每一個詞。如所遇到的詞對理解全文及答題不構(gòu)成任何困難,則不必理會它的詞義,但所碰到的詞使你在理解全文,甚至回答問題時出現(xiàn)困難,則要設(shè)法去猜測其詞義。猜測詞義要從兩方面著手:根據(jù)其所在句子的上下文,及前后的詞語,探其究竟。
長句短讀
長句短讀:即指將一個長句子(有時不止一個句子,還包括從句)讀成一個相對短的句子,以對長句子內(nèi)容作一總結(jié)式歸納,找出其所陳述的要點。這種能力的培養(yǎng)對托福閱讀考試的幫助極大,考生應(yīng)在平時勤加練習。
求slep第六套真題的答案??!聽力答案和閱讀答案!一定要是真題的答案 有的幫忙
領(lǐng)馭國際slep考試中心提供
SLEP是中學英文程度測驗(Secondary Level English Proficiency Test)的縮寫。由托??荚嚨闹鬓k機構(gòu)——位于美國新澤西州普林斯頓市的教育測驗服務(wù)中心ETS(Educational Testing Service)主持,SLEP在國內(nèi)也被稱為“小托?!笨荚?。此考試是為以英語作為第二語言的國際學生欲進入美國高中就讀而設(shè)立的一個英文水平測試,旨在檢測學生對英語的了解程度。
SLEP滿分為67分。SLEP 測驗分為兩個部分,第一部分:聽力,有74道題,該部分滿分是32分;另一部分語法及閱讀,有71道題,該部分滿分是35分; SLEP測驗之基本分數(shù)為20分,滿分為67分。
新托??荚囬喿x部分特點詳細解讀
“方便”語出《法華經(jīng)·方便品》:“吾從成佛以來,種種因緣、種種譬喻,廣演言教,無數(shù)方便,引導(dǎo)眾生令離所執(zhí)?!北疚倪@里的所謂方便,理正為方,言巧稱便,就是根據(jù)形勢的變化(這里主要指針對新托??荚嚨淖兓?,選擇隨機應(yīng)變的教化機智,即學習方法。新托??荚噷⒂?006年8月在中國大陸地區(qū)推出。這一消息牽動著千萬考生的心。許多考生對于新托福考試的形式感到十分的陌生,由此也對新托??荚嚠a(chǎn)生了相當?shù)目謶中睦?。本文將深度剖析新托??荚囍虚喿x部分的特點,目的在于一方面幫助考生全面而深刻地了解新托福閱讀部分的考試特點,另一方面幫助考生透徹地分析新托福閱讀部分考試的規(guī)律。
一、新托??荚囬喿x部分的六大變化
1. 新托??荚囬喿x部分中的四個主要按鍵及功能
在新托福考試閱讀部分,閱讀文章出現(xiàn)在電腦屏幕的右邊(這和GRE機考形式恰好相反,因為在GRE機考閱讀部分,閱讀文章出現(xiàn)在電腦屏幕的左邊),而相應(yīng)的題目出現(xiàn)在電腦屏幕的左邊。因為文章很長,所以需要借助于滾動條的滾動,才能看到全文。在閱讀部分,考生可以通過點擊Next button向前瀏覽所有的問題,也可以通過點擊Back button回視前面的問題,并返回到文章的最開頭。托福閱讀部分還擁有一個review功能的按鍵,通過點擊Review button考生將會在Review Screen看到所有的問題,和看到這些問題的狀態(tài)---answered, not answered, not yet seen。最后,新托福的閱讀部分還有一個Help button,考生點擊這個按鍵之后,將會得到a list of topics for which helpful explanations are available。
2. 新托福考試閱讀部分的文章長度、題目數(shù)量及考試時間均有變化
原有形式的托福考試,其閱讀部分的時間為55分鐘,需要完成5篇文章,每篇文章的長度在350字左右,每篇文章后面的題目數(shù)量在10道左右,也就是說題目的總數(shù)量為50道。而新托??荚囬喿x部分的具體安排見下表:
READING SECTION
Reading Text Time Allowed Length of Passage Number of Questions
Passage 1 20 minutes 600-700 words 12-14
Passage 2 20 minutes 600-700 words 12-14
Passage 3 20 minutes 600-700 words 12-14
Passage 4 & 5 20 minutes 600-700 words 12-14 each
需要注意的是:
(1) Passage 4 & 5屬于加試部分,即考生在閱讀部分所遇到的文章數(shù)量可能是3篇,也可能是5篇,那么相應(yīng)的考試的時間為60分鐘和100分鐘;
(2) 閱讀部分的考試時間是Preset的,即閱讀部分考試的總時間是固定不變的,但做每篇文章,做每道題目所花費的時間由考生自己靈活掌握;
(3) 閱讀文章明顯增長,達到了700字左右。
3. 新托??荚囬喿x文章中的專業(yè)詞匯的處理和題目定位的處理均有變化
新托福閱讀部分一個非常glossary的特點是:A word in blue in a passage indicates that a definition is available for the word. Clicking on the word brings up this definition。也就是說凡是在閱讀文章中所遇到的生僻的專業(yè)詞匯,都會呈現(xiàn)出藍色,點擊后將會給出這個單詞的定義和解釋。
新托福閱讀部分中所有的關(guān)于Language Use的問題都是對文章中的一個單詞、一句話或者一個段落所發(fā)問的,并且對于此類題目定位處理上的一個最為鮮明的特點是:Whenever a question refers to a particular word or sentence in the passage, the word or sentence is highlighted. You don not need to search for it. Detail questions on TOEFL iBT identify the particular paragraph in which the answer can be found, so you do not need to scan the passage in order to find the location of an answer to a detail question.也就是說新托??荚嚨拈喿x不再考察Language Use問題定位的能力。這大大降低了題目本身的難度。
4. 新托??荚囬喿x部分中的干擾選項(distracter)的設(shè)置更為復(fù)雜
通過上面的第3點我們已經(jīng)知道在新托福閱讀部分考試中,很多的細節(jié)題目不再需要定位了,這就降低了題目本身的難度。ETS為了在題目難度上做一平衡,采取的方法是將干擾選項的設(shè)置變得更為復(fù)雜,大有向GRE靠攏的趨勢,不僅干擾選項增多,干擾性也明顯增強了,尤其對于Paraphrasing的題型顯得尤為突出。
5. 新托??荚囬喿x部分的題型形式變化多端,分值也呈現(xiàn)出巨大變化
新托福考試題目的形式變得多樣化了,相應(yīng)題目的分值也出現(xiàn)了巨大變化。我們可以把新托福中的閱讀題型分為三種:
(1) Click on One Answer: For this multiple-choice type of question, you will choose the best of four possible answers,此類題目是傳統(tǒng)的四選一的題目,其分值為1分;
(2) Add a Sentence: For this type of question, you will click on a square to add a sentence to the passage. 這種插入句子題的文章中有4個“[■]”,然后題目給考生一句話,問考生這句話應(yīng)該插在文章中哪一個所標“[■]”的地方。一般,題目的提問方式是這樣的:Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage,此類題目的分值也為1分;
(3) Drag Answer Choices: 此類題型在做法上的最大特點在于它不是要求點擊選項,而是拖拉考生認為正確的選項到相應(yīng)的表格中。其具體形式又可以分為兩大類,而其分值也會隨著具體形式的變化而變化:
A. Summarizing the Most important Points題型:
此類題目的提問方式是這樣的:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentenced do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage。這類題目主要考查了考生對于重要論據(jù)和重要觀點的掌握,分值為2分,具體評分規(guī)則如下:
Points Possible Answers Correct Points Earned
3 points
3 2
2 1
0--1 0
B. Understanding details as they relate to the main idea (schematic table)題型:
此類題型主要考查了考生對于結(jié)構(gòu)重要信息的掌握,其提問方式是:Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the type of ---- that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used。根據(jù)answer choices的數(shù)量,7個中選5個或者9個中選7個歸類,其相應(yīng)的分值為3分和4分。具體評分規(guī)則如下:
Points Possible Answers Correct Points Earned
3 Points
5 3
4 2
3 1
0--2 0
4 Points
7 4
6 3
5 2
4 1
0—3 0
6. 新托??荚囬喿x部分增加了4種題型
新托??荚囬喿x部分增加了4種題型,分別是Paraphrasing題型(同義改寫題型),Understanding Coherence題型(插入句子題型),Organization Information題型(結(jié)構(gòu)信息表格題型),Summarizing the Most important Points題型(總結(jié)重要觀點題型)。
二、以一篇文章現(xiàn)場感受新托福閱讀考試的特點
將文章發(fā)給聽眾,現(xiàn)場感受一下,新托福的文章的特點
The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was one of the most fascinating and gripping phenomena to emerge from the brutal period of American slavery. In fact, it was neither underground nor any kind of railroad, but an intricate, loosely organized, and highly secretive network of people dedicated to helping black slaves escape from bondage in the southern states to freedom in the northern United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean. Because few of its members dared to keep records of their activities, much of the Railroad’s history has been transmitted orally, or lost. Nevertheless, it is possible to reconstruct a vivid picture of the people involved and the great challenges they faced.
Established as early as the late 16th century, when the first captive laborers were brought to the New World from Africa, the Railroad consisted of an informal arrangement of “stationmasters”—people who provided food and refuge, their “station”—the houses, shops, or barns where they provided shelter, and “conductors”—those who guided escaped slaves along the difficult routes to safety. All kinds of people worked on the Railroad, including preachers, politicians, farmers, storekeepers, former slaves, and even Native American. Most had no knowledge that they worked as part of an organization that reached all across the United States—but they were united by their hatred of the institution of slavery and their desire to help those struggling to escape.
Perhaps the most famous of Railroad workers was Harriet Tubman. Born a slave in Maryland, Tubman escaped through the Railroad at the age of 25, and eventually became a conductor herself. Over a ten—year period, she made nearly 20 trips back into the South to lead to safety many members of her family, and dozens of others besides, perhaps as many as 300 in all.
The conditions faced by runaways were severe. Often forced to travel at night, they would navigate by the North Star. Rivers, swamps, and forests lay in their way. They could carry little food, and depended on stationmasters and conductors to keep them from starvation. Sometimes the lucky ones could travel by wagon, ship, or horse, but most had to go on foot. If they were unable to actually leave the southern states, they might have no choice but to take up residence deep in swamps or in mountainous areas, separated from their families and isolated from the world, or to join communities of Native Americans.
The risks faced by fugitives were formidable Recapture was unthinkable. Escapees would endure terrible punishments, including mutilation or amputation of limbs, harder labor even than before was virtually guaranteed, or sale “down the river”—deeper into the South and even farther from freedom. After the Fugitive Slave Law was passed in 1850, a new class of professional slave—hunters arose, paid handsomely to catch runway slaves and return them to their owners; they could even pursue their quarry into the free northern regions. Young men were the most successful in traveling the Railroad, though sometimes women and children would also manage to escape. Strength and speed were critical. Slaves would occasionally employ disguises, trying to pass themselves as messengers on errands, or even, in the case of the lighter—skinned slaves, as whites. Holidays and weekends were the best times to escape, or any other circumstance that permitted a head start on the authorities.
Activities on the Railroad reached a peak in the last few decades before the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861.The great political tension created by the institution of slavery was already tearing the country apart. Whites in the South generally felt that slavery was an indispensable part of their culture. Their economy certainly depended on it, and moreover, they resented being dictated to from the North and from Washington. Those in the North, on the other hand, could only see the brutality in slavery, and the hypocrisy it meant in a country claiming to be founded on the principle of freedom and equality for all mankind. Though terribly destructive, the Civil War ultimately settled the question, and with the ratification of the 13th amendment to the U.S. Construction on December 18, 1865, it became law what “neither slavery nor involuntary servitude…shall exist in the United States.”
三、結(jié)束語
談到這里,我們已經(jīng)將新托??荚囬喿x部分的特點做了詳盡地剖析,同時也比較深刻和全面地分析了如何做到substantial understanding的問題,也就是給出了方法論的問題。有了這樣的方法論,其余的工作應(yīng)該是會水到渠成的。最后想用三句話來結(jié)束本文,希望這三句話能給在新托福征途上的考生以鼓勵和啟迪:Nothing more than diligence can predict your success。If you lie upon roses when young, you’ll lie upon thorns when old. With time and patience the leaf of the mulberry becomes satin.
2021年4月21日托??谡Z考試真題分析
提升托??谡Z考試的分數(shù),除了平時的備考之外,還需要了解托福口語考試的題目,為大家?guī)砹?021年4月21日托??谡Z考試真題,來看看具體的分析吧!
2021年4月21日托??谡Z考試真題分析
Task1:
Your community has received money from the government to build a building in an open area. Which would you prefer,a company offering more jobs or a park?Use specific examples and details to support your answer.
綜合口語
Task2:
閱讀:Pro給學生發(fā)郵件說下學期用紙質(zhì)版本,不帶電腦原因。
1: 減少看屏幕的時間,可以護眼原因。
2: 不帶電腦可以focus on class集中精力。
聽力:女生反對
1:大家都知道這個問題,工作一段時間休息一會,每五分鐘lookaround。
2:還是要帶電腦,因為take note記筆記打字比寫字快,還能extract。
Task3:
perceptual resources 可持續(xù)能源,太陽能儲存在電池里。例子:教授自己的家。
Task4:
老師講課的方法,先講概念還是先講例子,取決于時間和material多少例子是picture of canetoad蠑螈和frog,concept是amphibians。
托??谡Z解答技巧
托??谡ZTASK1介紹
第1題為二選一問題,一般會問你A和B那個好?Why?
第1題:題目在一開始就會出現(xiàn)在屏幕上,所以不要理會電腦中讀什么,用最快的速度將題目掃一眼 (中間可以擠出30秒的時間準備) 答題時間均為45’。
托福口語TASK2介紹
第2題為校園事件話題,語言不學術(shù),一般為兩個人的對話,有習語,聽完后會讓你重復(fù)其中一個人的觀點。
70% 兩者的觀點一致 (In the listening passage,the man expresses his opinion about the Office,he believes that…) 點題句,
30% 兩者的觀點不一致 (In the listening passage,the man and the woman…)as the reading passage indicates
特例:要你說出相對于listening,reading中哪些沒有(In addition to the reading passage,we also find in the listening that…) 這類題要多說些reading部分,大約20~25’。
托福口語TASK3介紹
第3題一般為學術(shù)類。Reading & Listening的關(guān)系要么是承接要么是駁斥。聽完后70% 讓你說出一個Lecture中的例子來解釋…,即細節(jié)解釋 (In this lecture,the professor gives two examples to illustrate the principle of…,中間用However,in the reading passage…)。
第2&3題:都有閱讀,2題較短,3題較長,都要求45’讀完,長度一般為75-120個詞 (5-7行)。其中3題的內(nèi)容較重要,而2題則不重要。答題時間均為1分鐘。Take下的Notes里的詞最好做同意替換,并且在答題時絕對不能出現(xiàn)如 in the reading passage之類的詞。兩道題的時間分配大致為:15’說閱讀,40’說男女觀點,中間用點題句連接?;卮饝?yīng)盡可能完整,但也無需面面俱到。
托??谡ZTASK4介紹
第4題為學術(shù)話題,講一個Lecture,讓你重復(fù)professor的觀點or解釋一下理論。(開頭句:In the listening passage,the professor introduces…)。
第4題:沒有閱讀,Listening部分較長,筆記要充分。答題時間為1分鐘。
托??谡Z提分技巧
1.在聽力完成后會有5秒倒計時,結(jié)束后開始計時10分鐘的休息,休息完后讓監(jiān)考輸入密碼進入口語部分,按完第一個NEXT后別按第二個NEXT,這樣中間就有無限的時間聽別人答完所有的題。第1題也要做筆記,雖然短而且簡單,但這樣可以防止到時萬一因為某個詞而卡住。
2.答題時寧過勿缺,但如果最后差幾秒又實在想不出,則可說:That’saboutit (連讀) 3’ OR That’s everything I can say about this topic. 5’。
3.有時可用and將兩個同義詞連接,這樣既可強調(diào)要表達的意思,又可延長一倍的時間。
4.多用習語,口語詞,gonna,wanna,thatal = that will,有的詞讀的短而快,有些則長而慢,注意語音語調(diào)的變換。
5.一開始不要說出絕對數(shù)字,而說a few points,這樣可以防止說不完。
6.多用被動和升調(diào)。
7.因為第1題要求說45’所以用一些opening會使這道題比較穩(wěn)妥。
8.在有閱讀的題目中快速默讀,但有不熟的單詞要朗讀。
9. 2,3題中如果多說閱讀中的內(nèi)容會被減分,不要有什么in the reading passage之類的話。
10.不要噴麥,不要用一些不確定的詞如something,someone,(主要是1題,并注意specific),有一些小的語法錯誤沒有關(guān)系,發(fā)音不好沒有關(guān)系。
11.閱讀和聽力可能出現(xiàn)2選1的加試。閱讀題是可以來回改的,而聽力只可以改最后一個,所以做閱讀時應(yīng)根據(jù)篇數(shù)來判斷聽力的篇數(shù),并合理安排時間。
12.閱讀和聽力要早答,因為如果慢了則會受到別人口語的干擾。而中間休息的時間則應(yīng)盡可能的延長,因為如果快了則會在寫作時受到別人口語部分的影響。故TOEFL iBT總體應(yīng)該遵循先快后慢的原則。